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Evaluation and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Children

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Pediatric Nephrology

Abstract

The field of acute kidney injury (AKI) has undergone a dramatic change over the past decade. Intensive recent research which standardized AKI definitions and improved the clinician’s ability to identify individuals at highest risk of developing AKI reveals the strong association between AKI and negative patient outcomes. An ongoing paradigm shift is occurring with regard to identifying the presence of AKI using kidney tissue injury biomarkers before evidence of kidney dysfunction is present. The lack of current AKI-specific therapy has had the secondary benefit of developing a strong appreciation of the importance of AKI prediction, prevention, and management of its complications early in the course of critical illness. The recent formation of several national and international AKI organizations [1–4] has led to increased AKI awareness, promotion of research, and the development of the first ever AKI clinical practice guideline document [1]. This chapter will review standard clinical evaluation and differential diagnosis of AKI, while considering recent research with respect to AKI definitions, novel diagnostic tests, and prevention strategies, followed by a description of current knowledge on treatment of severe AKI, using renal replacement therapy (RRT).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Stuart L. Goldstein

  2. Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Michael Zappitelli

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  1. Stuart L. Goldstein
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  2. Michael Zappitelli
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Correspondence to Stuart L. Goldstein .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital, Health System of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Ellis D. Avner

  2. Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    William E. Harmon

  3. Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France

    Patrick Niaudet

  4. Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Japan

    Norishige Yoshikawa

  5. Division of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital – IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Francesco Emma

  6. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Stuart L. Goldstein

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Goldstein, S.L., Zappitelli, M. (2016). Evaluation and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Children. In: Avner, E., Harmon, W., Niaudet, P., Yoshikawa, N., Emma, F., Goldstein, S. (eds) Pediatric Nephrology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43596-0_57

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