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Functional Anatomical Traits of the Photosynthetic Organs of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

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The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 44))

Summary

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic adaptation to water and/or CO2 limited environments that has evolved in 400 genera from 36 families of higher plants. Despite the taxonomic and ecological diversity of CAM, plants with this photosynthetic specialization share a number of common anatomical traits that impinge on the physiological processes underpinning photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and water use. Thick, succulent leaves and/or stems are typical for terrestrial CAM plants. The large cells within these succulent tissues serve to accommodate the overnight vacuolar accumulation of malic acid that defines CAM and also increase water storage capacity. Significant morphological and anatomical diversity exists among leaf and stem succulents that impact on water-use strategies and thus the predisposition towards CAM. We provide an overview of CAM diversity in terms of leaf and stem anatomy, leaf venation and stomatal patterning. We consider the physiological implications of these anatomical traits in terms of water use and leaf hydraulic properties as well as the impacts on CO2 uptake and carbon gain. We also discuss which anatomical traits are likely to be important determinants for the mode and level of CAM that might be engineered into non-CAM species as a means of improving plant water use efficiency.

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Abbreviations

C:

hydraulic capacitance

CAM:

crassulacean acid metabolism

D:

dimensional

e:

modulus of elasticity

GSmax :

anatomical maximum stomatal conductance

IAS:

intercellular air space

Lmes/area:

length of mesophyll cells that are exposed to intercellular air space

MDH:

malate dehydrogenase

NAD-ME:

nicotinamide dinucleotide malic enzyme

NADP-ME:

nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate malic enzyme

pCO2 :

partial pressure of CO2 within the leaf

PEP:

phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPCK:

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

PPC:

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PPCK:

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase

PPDK:

pyruvate phosphate dikinase

Rubisco:

ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

WUE:

water use efficiency (moles of CO2 fixed to moles of water lost by transpiration)

δ13C:

carbon isotope ratio

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Acknowledgments

This chapter is based on work supported by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Genomic Science Program under Award Number DE-SC0008834. AL acknowledges support from the RB Cooke Foundation and NHC is supported by Colciencias. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT- Battelle, LLC for the US DOE under Contract Number DE–AC05–00OR22725.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Anne M. Borland, Alistair Leverett & Natalia Hurtado-Castano

  2. Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

    Anne M. Borland, Rongbin Hu & Xiaohan Yang

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  1. Anne M. Borland
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  2. Alistair Leverett
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  3. Natalia Hurtado-Castano
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  4. Rongbin Hu
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  5. Xiaohan Yang
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Correspondence to Anne M. Borland .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

    William W. Adams III

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan

    Ichiro Terashima

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Borland, A.M., Leverett, A., Hurtado-Castano, N., Hu, R., Yang, X. (2018). Functional Anatomical Traits of the Photosynthetic Organs of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. In: Adams III, W., Terashima, I. (eds) The Leaf: A Platform for Performing Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 44. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_10

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