Abstract
Recent climate changes are expected to cause more frequent and severe drought affecting major field crops. Most of the cultivated field crops have a symbiotic association with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which is present in rhizosphere of these crops. Members of these class of fungi includes species of Glomus, Gigaspora, etc. have been found to be colonizing roots and forming an association with field crops for mutual benefits of both the partners. This symbiosis is known to help the plant to tolerate drought with the positive effects on plant growth. This chapter provides an overview of possible biochemical and genetic mechanism involved in AMF assisted drought tolerance in field crops. The improved water and nutrient absorption with the help of extraradical hyphal growth of AMF is one the important factor in helping plants to avoid the ill effects of drought. Along with this, by increased concentration of many biomolecules like amino acids, polyamines, hormones ; osmotic adjustment with the help of total soluble sugar (TSS), proline, ascorbic acid, and removing reactive oxygen species through antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants; AMF helps plant to reduce the effects of drought. Besides this, the results of some studies have given new exciting genetic perspectives including cellular water transport by mycorrhized roots.
References
Abbaspour H, Saeidi-Sar S, Afshari H, Abdel-Wahhab M (2012) Tolerance of mycorrhiza infected pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedling to drought stress under glasshouse conditions. J Plant Physiol 169:704–709
Abo-Ghalia HH, Khalafallah AA (2008) Responses of wheat plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to short-term water stress followed by recovery at three growth stages. J Appl Sci Res 4:570–580
Afshar RK, Jovini MA, Chaichi MR, Hashemi M (2014) Grain sorghum response to arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus fertilizer under deficit irrigation. Agron J 106:1212–1218
Aghayari F, Maleki S, Ardakani MR, Rejali F, Faregh AH (2014) Growth and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris L.), as affected by mycorrhizal symbiosis and Azospirillum brasilense under rainfed conditions. Int J Biosci 4:253–262
Al-Karaki G, McMichael B, Zak J (2004) Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza 14:263–269
Aroca R, Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2007) How does arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulate root hydraulic properties and plasma membrane aquaporins in Phaseolus vulgaris under drought, cold or salinity stresses? New Phytol 173:808–816
Augé RM (2001) Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11:3–42
Augé RM, Stodola AJ, Tims JE, Saxton AM (2001) Moisture retention properties of a mycorrhizal soil. Plant Soil 230:87–97
Augé RM, Toler HD, Moore JL, Cho K, Saxton AM (2007) Comparing contributions of soil versus root colonization to variations in stomatal behavior and soil drying in mycorrhizal Sorghum bicolor and Cucurbita pepo. J Plant Physiol 164:1289–1299
Augé RM, Toler HD, Saxton AM (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza 25:13–24
Bago B, Pfeffer PE, Abubaker J, Jun J, Allen JW, Brouillette J, Douds DD, Lammers PJ, Shachar-Hill Y (2003) Carbon export from arbuscular mycorrhizal roots involves the translocation of carbohydrate as well as lipid. Plant Physiol 131:1496–1507
Bartels D, Sunkar R (2005) Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24:23–58
Bárzana G, Aroca R, Paz JA, Chaumont F, Martinez-Ballesta MC, Carvajal M, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis increases relative apoplastic water flow in roots of the host plant under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Ann Bot 109:1009–1017
Bárzana G, Aroca R, Bienert GP, Chaumont F, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2014) New insights into the regulation of aquaporins by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in maize plants under drought stress and possible implications for plant performance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 27:349–363
Baslam M, Goicoechea N (2012) Water deficit improved the capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for inducing the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in lettuce leaves. Mycorrhiza 22:347–359
Bayani R, Saateyi A, Faghani E (2015) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza in phosphorus acquisition efficiency and drought-tolerance mechanisms in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Int J Biosci 7:86–94
Beltrano J, Ronco MG (2008) Improved tolerance of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to drought stress and rewatering by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum: effect on growth and cell membrane stability. Braz J Plant Physiol 20:29–37
Blum A (2016) Osmotic adjustment is a prime drought stress adaptive engine in support of plant production. Plant Cell Environ 40:4–10
Bowles TM, Barrios-Masias FH, Carlisle EA, Cavagnaro TR, Jackson LE (2016) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato yield, nutrient uptake, water relations, and soil carbon dynamics under deficit irrigation in field conditions. Sci Total Environ 566:1223–1234
Bray EA (1997) Plant responses to water deficit. Trends Plant Sci 2:48–54
Calvo-Polanco M, Sánchez-Romera B, Aroca R, Asins MJ, Declerck S, Dodd IC, Martinez-Andujar C, Albacete A, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2016) Exploring the use of recombinant inbred lines in combination with beneficial microbial inoculants (AM fungus and PGPR) to improve drought stress tolerance in tomato. Environ Exp Bot 131:47–57
Cervantes-Gámez RG, Bueno-Ibarra MA, Cruz-Mendívil A, Calderón-Vázquez CL, Ramírez-Douriet CM, Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Villalobos-López MÁ, Valdez-Ortíz Á, López-Meyer M (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis-induced expression changes in Solanum lycopersicum leaves revealed by RNA-seq analysis. Plant Mol Biol Rep 34:89–102
Chitarra W, Maserti B, Gambino G, Guerrieri E, Balestrini R (2016a) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis-mediated tomato tolerance to drought. Trends Plant Sci 11:1009–1023
Chitarra W, Pagliarani C, Maserti B, Lumini E, Siciliano I, Cascone P, Schubert A, Gambino G, Balestrini R, Guerrieri E (2016b) Insights on the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on tomato tolerance to water stress. Plant Physiol 171:1009–1023
Conner AC, Bill RM, Conner MT (2013) An emerging consensus on aquaporin translocation as a regulatory mechanism. Mol Membr Biol 30:101–112
Corradi N, Bonfante P (2012) The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: origin and evolution of a beneficial plant infection. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002600
del Mar Alguacil M, Kohler J, Caravaca F, Roldán A (2009) Differential effects of Pseudomonas mendocina and Glomus intraradices on lettuce plants physiological response and aquaporin PIP2 gene expression under elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought. Microb Ecol 58:942–951
Doubková P, Vlasáková E, Sudová R (2013) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alleviates drought stress imposed on Knautia arvensis plants in serpentine soil. Plant Soil 370:149–161
Evelin H, Kapoor R, Giri B (2009) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of salt stress: a review. Ann Bot 104:1263–1280
Fagbola O, Osonubi O, Mulongoy K, Odunfa S (2001) Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq). Walp, and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. in simulated eroded soil conditions. Mycorrhiza 11:215–223
Farahani A, Lebaschi H, Hussein M, Hussein SA, Reza VA, Jahanfar D (2013) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, different levels of phosphorus and drought stress on water use efficiency, relative water content and proline accumulation rate of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) J Med Plants Res 2:125–131
Farooq M, Wahid A, Lee DJ (2009) Exogenously applied polyamines increase drought tolerance of rice by improving leaf water status, photosynthesis and membrane properties. Acta Physiol Plant 31:937–945
Foyer CH, Noctor G (2005) Oxidant and antioxidant signalling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ 28:1056–1071
Franzini VI, Azcón R, Mendes FL, Aroca R (2010) Interactions between Glomus species and Rhizobium strains affect the nutritional physiology of drought-stressed legume hosts. J Plant Physiol 167:614–619
Franzini VI, Azcón R, Méndes FL, Aroca R (2013) Different interaction among Glomus and Rhizobium species on Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays plant growth, physiology and symbiotic development under moderate drought stress conditions. J Plant Growth Regul 70:265–273
Garg N, Manchanda G (2009) ROS generation in plants: boon or bane? Plant Biosyst 143:81–96
Garmendia I, Goicoechea N, Aguirreolea J (2004) Effectiveness of three Glomus species in protecting pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) against verticillium wilt. Biol Control 31(3):296–305
Gayoso C, Pomar F, Novo-Uzal E, Merino F, de Ilárduya ÓM (2010) The Ve-mediated resistance response of the tomato to Verticillium dahliae involves H2O2, peroxidase and lignins and drives PAL gene expression. BMC Plant Biol 10:232
George NM, Shaaban LD (2015) Molecular and physiological changes in mycorrhizal Zea mays under different irrigation levels. Egypt J Exp Biol 11:1–9
Ghorbanian D, Harutyunyan S, Mazaheri D, Rejali F (2011) Effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis and different levels of phosphorus on yield, macro and micro elements of Zea mays L. under water stress condition. Afr J Agric Res 6:5481–5489
Goicoechea N, Bettoni M, Fuertes-Mendizábal T, González-Murua C, Aranjuelo I (2016) Durum wheat quality traits affected by mycorrhizal inoculation, water availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Crop Pasture Sci 67:147–155
Goltapeh EM, Danesh YR, Prasad R, Varma A (2008) Mycorrhizal fungi: what we know and what should we know. In: Varma A (ed) Mycorrhiza, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 3–28
Gong M, You X, Zhang Q (2015) Effects of Glomus intraradices on the growth and reactive oxygen metabolism of foxtail millet under drought. Ann Microbiol 65:595–602
Groppa M, Benavides M (2008) Polyamines and abiotic stress: recent advances. Amino Acids 34:35
Grümberg BC, Urcelay C, Shroeder MA, Vargas-Gil S, Luna CM (2015) The role of inoculum identity in drought stress mitigation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soybean. Biol Fertil Soils 51:1–10
Habibzadeh Y, Pirzad A, Zardashti MR, Jalilian J, Eini O (2013) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on seed and protein yield under water-deficit stress in mung bean. Agron J 105:79–84
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MM, Roychowdhury R, Fujita M (2013) Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 14:9643–9684
Hussain SS, Ali M, Ahmad M, Siddique KH (2011) Polyamines: natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Biotechnol Adv 29:300–311
Khalvati M, Hu Y, Mozafar A, Schmidhalter U (2005) Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae and its significance for leaf growth, water relations, and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biol 7:706–712
Koc E, Ustun AS (2008) Defence against pathogen in plants and antioxidants. Erciyes Uni Sci Instit J 24:82–100
Kohler J, Hernández JA, Caravaca F, Roldán A (2008) Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi modify alleviation biochemical mechanisms in water-stressed plants. Funct Plant Biol 35:141–151
Lee SC, Luan S (2012) ABA signal transduction at the crossroad of biotic and abiotic stress responses. Plant Cell Environ 35:53–60
Li T, Hu YJ, Hao ZP, Li H, Chen BD (2013) Aquaporin genes GintAQPF1 and GintAQPF2 from Glomus intraradices contribute to plant drought tolerance. Plant Signal Behav 8:e24030
Li T, Lin G, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Chen B (2014) Relative importance of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices) and root hairs in plant drought tolerance. Mycorrhiza 24:595–602
Li T, Sun Y, Ruan Y, Xu L, Hu Y, Hao Z, Zhang X, Li H, Wang Y, Yang L (2016a) Potential role of D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase and 14-3-3 genes in the crosstalk between Zea mays and Rhizophagus intraradices under drought stress. Mycorrhiza 26:879–893
Li X, Zeng R, Liao H (2016b) Improving crop nutrient efficiency through root architecture modifications. J Integr Plant Biol 58:193–202
Lim CW, Han SW, Hwang IS, Kim DS, Hwang BK, Lee SC (2015) The pepper lipoxygenase CaLOX1 plays a role in osmotic, drought, and high salinity. Plant Cell Physiol 56:930–942
López-Ráez JA, Verhage A, Fernández I, García JM, Azcón-Aguilar C, Flors V, Pozo MJ (2010) Hormonal and transcriptional profiles highlight common and differential host responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the regulation of the oxylipin pathway. J Exp Bot 61(10):2589–2601
Ludwig-Müller J (2010) Hormonal responses in host plants triggered by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Koltai H, Kapulnik Y (eds) Arbuscular mycorrhizas: physiology and function. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 169–190
Martinez J, Silva H, Ledent J, Pinto M (2007) Effect of drought stress on the osmotic adjustment, cell wall elasticity and cell volume of six cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Eur J Agron 26:30–38
Meixner C, Ludwig-Müller J, Miersch O, Gresshoff P, Staehelin C, Vierheilig H (2005) Lack of mycorrhizal autoregulation and phytohormonal changes in the super nodulating soybean mutant nts1007. Planta 222:709–715
Miransari M (2011) Hyperaccumulators, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and stress of heavy metals. Biotechnol Adv 29:645–653
Miransari M, Bahrami H, Rejali F, Malakouti M, Torabi H (2007) Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth. Soil Biol Biochem 39:2014–2026
Mirshad P, Puthur JT (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal association enhances drought tolerance potential of promising bioenergy grass (Saccharum arundinaceum). Environ Monit Assess 188:1–20
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7:405–410
Mohebi-Anabat M, Riahi H, Zanganeh S, Sadeghnezhad E (2015) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth, photosynthetic pigments and soluble sugar of Crocus sativus (saffron) in autoclaved soil. Int J Agron Agric Res 6:296–304
Naghashzadeh M, Bour K, Pezeshkpour P (2015) Response of water use efficiency to mycorrhizal biofertilizer in maize under water stress conditions. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci 4:152–157
Nath M, Bhatt D, Prasad R, Gill SS, Anjum NA, Tuteja N (2016) Reactive oxygen species generation-scavenging and signaling during plantarbuscular mycorrhizal and Piriformospora indica interaction under stress condition. Front Plant Sci 7:1574
Nichols KA (2008) Indirect contributions of AM fungi and soil aggregation to plant growth and protection. In: Siddiqui ZA, Akhtar MS, Futai K (eds) Mycorrhizae: sustainable agriculture and forestry. Springer, Berlin, pp 177–194
Omirou M, Ioannides IM, Ehaliotis C (2013) Mycorrhizal inoculation affects arbuscular mycorrhizal diversity in watermelon roots, but leads to improved colonization and plant response under water stress only. Appl Soil Ecol 63:112–119
Porcel R, Barea JM, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2003) Antioxidant activities in mycorrhizal soybean plants under drought stress and their possible relationship to the process of nodule senescence. New Phytol 157:135–143
Porcel R, Azcón R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2004) Evaluation of the role of genes encoding for Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) during drought stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal Glycine max and Lactuca sativa plants. Physiol Mol Plant Path 65:211–221
Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. J Exp Bot 55:1743–1750
Porcel R, Aroca R, Cano C, Bago A, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2007) A gene from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices encoding a binding protein is up-regulated by drought stress in some mycorrhizal plants. Environ Exp Bot 60:251–256
Prasad R, Bhola D, Akdi K, Cruz C, Sairam KVSS, Tuteja N, Varma A (2017) Introduction to mycorrhiza: historical development. In: Varma A, Prasad R, Tuteja N (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer, Cham, pp 1–7
Pudake RN, Mehta CM, Mohanta TK, Sharma S, Varma A, Sharma AK (2017) Cloning and expression analysis of four phosphate transporter genes (EcPT) from Eleusine coracana in response to mycorrhizal colonization and Pi stress. 3 Biotech 7:17
Qiao G, Wen X, Yu L, Ji X (2011) The enhancement of drought tolerance for pigeon pea inoculated by arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi. Plant Soil Environ 57:541–546
Qiao G, Wen X, Yu L, Ji X (2012) Identification of differentially expressed genes preferably related to drought response in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) inoculated by arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF). Acta Physiol Plant 34:1711–1721
Rani B (2016) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on biochemical parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought conditions. Doctoral dissertation, CCSHAU, Hisar
Rapparini F, Peñuelas J (2014) Mycorrhizal fungi to alleviate drought stress on plant growth. In: Miransari M (ed) Use of microbes for the alleviation of soil stresses, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 21–42
Rasool S, Ahmad A, Siddiqi T, Ahmad P (2013) Changes in growth, lipid peroxidation and some key antioxidant enzymes in chickpea genotypes under salt stress. Acta Physiol Plant 35:1039–1050
Ruiz-Lozano JM (2003) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of osmotic stress. New perspectives for molecular studies. Mycorrhiza 13:309–317
Ruiz-Lozano J, Azcon R, Gomez M (1996) Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus species in Lactuca sativa plants. Physiol Plant 98:767–772
Ruiz-Sánchez M, Aroca R, Muñoz Y, Polón R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2010) The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and the antioxidative response of rice plants subjected to drought stress. J Plant Physiol 167:862–869
Ruíz-Sánchez M, Armada E, Muñoz Y, de Salamone IEG, Aroca R, Ruíz-Lozano JM, Azcón R (2011) Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. J Plant Physiol 168:1031–1037
Sajedi N, Ardakani M, Rejali F, Mohabbati F, Miransari M (2010) Yield and yield components of hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) as affected by mycorrhizal symbiosis and zinc sulfate under drought stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 16:343–351
Sánchez-Romera B, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, Aroca R (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and methyl jasmonate avoid the inhibition of root hydraulic conductivity caused by drought. Mycorrhiza 26:111–122
Serraj R, Sinclair TR (2002) Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell Environ 25:333–341
Shariati J, Weisany W, Torabian S (2015) Effect of azotobacter and arbuscular mycorrhizal on growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at different irrigation regimes. Biotechnol J 18:04
Sharma S, Prasad R, Varma A, Sharma AK (2017) Glycoprotein associated with Funneliformis coronatum, Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora scrobiculata suppress the plant pathogens in vitro. Asian J Plant Pathol. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2017
Singh PK, Singh M, Tripathi BN (2013) Glomalin: an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal soil protein. Protoplasma 250:663–669
Smith SE, Read DJ (2010) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, New York
Smith FA, Grace EJ, Smith SE (2009) More than a carbon economy: nutrient trade and ecological sustainability in facultative arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. New Phytol 182:347–358
Smith SE, Jakobsen I, Grønlund M, Smith FA (2011) Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Physiol 156:1050–1057
Sohrabi Y, Heidari G, Weisany W, Golezani KG, Mohammadi K (2012) Changes of antioxidative enzymes, lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll content in chickpea types colonized by different Glomus species under drought stress. Symbiosis 56:5–18
Subramanian K, Charest C, Dwyer L, Hamilton R (1995) Arbuscular mycorrhizas and water relations in maize under drought stress at tasselling. New Phytol 129:643–650
Suri V, Choudhary AK, Chander G, Verma T, Gupta M, Dutt N (2011) Improving phosphorus use through co-inoculation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in maize in an acidic Alfisol. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 42:2265–2273
Suzuki N, Koussevitzky S, Mittler R, Miller G (2012) ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 35:259–270
Szabados L, Savoure A (2010) Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci 15:89–97
Tallapragada P, Dikshit R, Seshagiri S (2016) Influence of Rhizophagus spp. and burkholderia seminalis on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculatum) and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) under drought stress. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 47:1975–1984
Tausz M, Šircelj H, Grill D (2004) The glutathione system as a stress marker in plant ecophysiology: is a stress-response concept valid? J Exp Bot 55:1955–1962
Tsoata E, Njock SR, Youmbi E, Nwaga D (2015) Early effects of water stress on some biochemical and mineral parameters of mycorrhizal Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.(Fabaceae) cultivated in Cameroon. Int J Agron Agric Res 7:21–35
Tyagi J, Varma A, Pudake RN (2017) Evaluation of comparative effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus intraradices) and endophyte (Piriformospora indica) association with finger millet (Eleusine coracana) under drought stress. Eur J Soil Biol 81:1–10
Uehlein N, Fileschi K, Eckert M, Bienert GP, Bertl A, Kaldenhoff R (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and plant aquaporin expression. Phytochemistry 68:122–129
Wu QS, Xia RX (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions. J Plant Physiol 163:417–425
Wu Q, Zou Y, Liu W, Ye X, Zai H, Zhao L (2010) Alleviation of salt stress in citrus seedlings inoculated with mycorrhiza: changes in leaf antioxidant defense systems. Plant Soil Environ 56:470–475
Wu QS, Srivastava A, Zou YN (2013) AMF-induced tolerance to drought stress in citrus: a review. Sci Hortic 164:77–87
Wu Z, McGrouther K, Huang J, Wu P, Wu W, Wang H (2014) Decomposition and the contribution of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in heavy metal sequestration: field experiment. Soil Biol Biochem 68:283–290
Xia XJ, Zhou YH, Shi K, Zhou J, Foyer CH, Yu JQ (2015) Interplay between reactive oxygen species and hormones in the control of plant development and stress tolerance. J Exp Bot 66:2839–2856
Yang Y, Tang M, Sulpice R, Chen H, Tian S, Ban Y (2014) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter fractal dimension characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings through regulating plant growth, leaf water status, photosynthesis, and nutrient concentration under drought stress. J Plant Growth Regul 33:612–625
Yooyongwech S, Samphumphuang T, Tisarum R, Theerawitaya C, Cha-um S (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improved water deficit tolerance in two different sweet potato genotypes involves osmotic adjustments via soluble sugar and free proline. Sci Hortic 198:107–117
Zhang B, Liu W, Chang S, Anyia A (2013a) Phosphorus fertilization and fungal inoculations affected the physiology, phosphorus uptake and growth of spring wheat under rainfed conditions on the Canadian prairies. J Agron Crop Sci 199:85–93
Zhang RQ, Zhu HH, Zhao HQ, Yao Q (2013b) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation increases phenolic synthesis in clover roots via hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid and nitric oxide signaling pathways. J Plant Physiol 170:74–79
Zhou Q, Ravnskov S, Jiang D, Wollenweber B (2015) Changes in carbon and nitrogen allocation, growth and grain yield induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) subjected to a period of water deficit. Plant Growth Regul 75:751–760
Zhu X, Song F, Liu S (2011) Arbuscular mycorrhiza impacts on drought stress of maize plants by lipid peroxidation, proline content and activity of antioxidant system. J Food Agric Environ 9:583–587
Zhu X, Song F, Liu S, Liu T, Zhou X (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizae improves photosynthesis and water status of Zea mays L. under drought stress. Plant Soil Environ 58:186–191
Acknowledgements
RNP gratefully acknowledges the funding under Start-up Research Grant (Life Sciences) by Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India (SB/FT/LS-104/2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tyagi, J., Sultan, E., Mishra, A., Kumari, M., Pudake, R.N. (2017). The Impact of AMF Symbiosis in Alleviating Drought Tolerance in Field Crops. In: Varma, A., Prasad, R., Tuteja, N. (eds) Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68867-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68867-1_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-68866-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-68867-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)