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Endophytic Fungi Bioremediation

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Endophytes: Crop Productivity and Protection

Part of the book series: Sustainable Development and Biodiversity ((SDEB,volume 16))

Abstract

Fungal endophytes are isolated from almost every host plant studied so far. The relationship between endophytes and host plants involves both mutualism and antagonism. Plants have many mechanisms to limit the growth of endophytes which include producing a variety of toxic metabolites such as terpenoides. But over a long period of co-evolution, endophytes have gradually formed a variety of tolerant mechanisms towards host metabolites by producing exo enzymes and mycotoxins. These enzymes include pectinase, cellulase, lipoidase, proteinase, phenol oxidase and lignin catabolic enzymes. When host plants die the fungi utilize the carbon source, plant residues such as glucose, oligosaccharides, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, keratin, pectin, lipids and proteins and decomposes effectively. These enzymes may also degrade macromolecule compounds into small molecules or convert more toxic substances into less toxic in order to increase their adaptability. The use of fungi to clean up environmental pollutants has gained momentum in the past few years. However, most studies have focussed on white rot fungi and use of endophytic fungi might be a novel and important source for degradation of toxic pollutants including hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyl’s (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), radionuclides, and metals. Phytoremediation is another important bioremediation aspects of endophytic fungi in soils contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Depolymerisations is one of the most efficient methods of plastic waste management by endophytic fungal enzymatic action. Complex polymers disintegrate into short chains of oligomers, dimers and monomers which can act as a source of carbon and energy. The enzymes produced by the microbes vary with the species even between strains of the same species. Enzymes are very specific in their action on substrates so that different enzymes help in the degradation of various types of enzymes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Bioscience Complex, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, 577 451, Shimoga, Karnataka, India

    Yelugere L. Krishnamurthy

  2. Department of Biology, Govt. Science College, 577 101, Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India

    B. Shankar Naik

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Correspondence to Yelugere L. Krishnamurthy .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India

    Dinesh K. Maheshwari

  2. Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India

    K. Annapurna

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Krishnamurthy, Y.L., Naik, B.S. (2017). Endophytic Fungi Bioremediation. In: Maheshwari, D., Annapurna, K. (eds) Endophytes: Crop Productivity and Protection. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 16. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66544-3_3

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