Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous unnecessary transition metal that is harmful to people and animals. Cadmium is naturally prevalent in the environment and is frequently obtained from agriculture and industrial processes. Humans are typically exposed to Cd through filthy food and water, inhalation, and cigarette smoking. Cadmium is stored in plants and animals and has a lengthy half-life of 25–30 years. Observational l evidence suggests that occupational and environmental Cd exposure may be connected to malignancies of the breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney, as well as an increased risk of osteoporosis. Because of their capacity to generate metallothioneins (MT), which are Cd-inducible proteins that protect cells, the liver and kidneys are particularly sensitive to the harmful effects of Cd. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress is likely to contribute to a variety of liver and kidney illnesses, and mitochondrial damage is a possible mechanism, as these organelles play an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are important intracellular targets for Cd. The determination of dietary Cd consumption is a critical step in estimating Cd body burden and associated health consequences. Chronic Cd exposure is known to have a substantial influence on the kidneys, which are the most vulnerable to Cd toxicity. Urinary Cd (UC), the proportional relationship between Cd accumulation in the kidneys and Cd excretion via urine, is a reliable indicator of Cd exposure. This chapter outlines the numerous pathways of Cd exposure, their impact on human health, and the use of several biomarkers to measure Cd exposure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abedi T, Mojiri A (2020) Cadmium uptake by wheat (triticum aestivum l.): an overview. Plants 9:500
Abernethy DR, Destefano AJ, Cecil TL, Zaidi K, Williams RL, UMIA P (2010) Metal impurities in food and drugs. Pharm Res 27:750–755
Adsera A (2004) Changing fertility rates in developed countries. The impact of labor market institutions. J Popul Econ 17:17–43
Agbadua OG, Obi F, Amadi CS, Taiwo S, Ehikhamhen D, Malio-Oliseh G (2020) Heavy metal interactions on cadmium-induced renal osteodystrophy and anaemia in rats. NISEB J 19(3)
Aleksandrov AP, Mirkov I, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Zeljkovic M, Popovic D et al (2021) Immunomodulation by heavy metals as a contributing factor to inflammatory diseases and autoimmune reactions: cadmium as an example. Immunol Lett 240:106–122
Al-Janabi AIH, Khadairi MM, Al-Amari MJ, Hirallah AAK (2020) Curative role of vitamin (C) in reduction of cadmium toxicity on the levels of some liver functions, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants enzymes in in vivo condition. Plant Arch 20(2):936–940
Almenara CC, Oliveira TF, Padilha AS (2020) The role of antioxidants in the prevention of cadmium-induced endothelial dysfunction. Curr Pharm Des 26(30):3667–3675
Al-Rmalli SW, Jenkins R, Haris PI (2012) Dietary intake of cadmium from Bangladeshi foods. J Food Sci 77:T26–T33
Alshehri AS, El-Kott AF, El-Gerbed MS, El-Kenawy AE, Albadrani GM, Khalifa HS (2022) Kaempferol prevents cadmium chloride-induced liver damage by upregulating Nrf2 and suppressing NF-κB and keap1. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:1–13
Alterio J, Masson J, Diaz J, Chachlaki K, Salman H, Areias J, Al Awabdh S, Emerit MB, Darmon M (2015) Yif1b is involved in the anterograde traffic pathway and the golgi architecture. Traffic 16:978–993
Andrulewicz-Botulińska E, Wiśniewska R, Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Galicka A (2018) Beneficial impact of zinc supplementation on the collagen in the bone tissue of cadmium-exposed rats. J Appl Toxicol 38:996–1007
Arao T (2019) Mitigation strategies for cadmium and arsenic in rice. In: Cadmium toxicity: new aspects in human disease, rice contamination, and cytotoxicity. Springer, pp 125–138
ATSDR (2012) Toxicological profile for cadmium. ATSDR, Atlanta, GA
Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M (2021) Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front Pharmacol 227
Banzato TP, Godinho AF, Da Silva Zacarin ECM, Perobelli JE, Fernandez CDB, Favareto APA, Kempinas WDG (2012) Sperm quality in adult male rats exposed to cadmium in utero and lactation. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 75:1047–1058
Baptist AP, Busse PJ (2018) Asthma over the age of 65: all’s well that ends well. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 6(3):764–773
Begg SL, Eijkelkamp BA, Luo Z, Counago RM, Morey JR, Maher MJ, Ong C-LY, Mcewan AG, Kobe B, O’mara ML (2015) Dysregulation of transition metal ion homeostasis is the molecular basis for cadmium toxicity in streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Commun 6:6418
Bernhoft RA (2012) Mercury toxicity and treatment: a review of the literature. J Environ Public Health
Bishak YK, Payahoo L, Osatdrahimi A, Nourazarian A (2015) Mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenicity in the gastrointestinal tract. APJCP 16:9–21
Boehm T (2008) Thymus development and function. Curr Opin Immunol 20(2):178–184
Bolan NS, Makino T, Kunhikrishnan A, Kim P-J, Ishikawa S, Murakami M et al (2013) Cadmium contamination and its risk management in rice ecosystems. Adv Agron 119:183–273
Bonaventura P, Lamboux A, Albarede F, Miossec P (2018) Differential effects of TNF-α and IL-1β on the control of metal metabolism and cadmium-induced cell death in chronic inflammation. PLoS One 13(5):e0196285
Branca JJ, Fiorillo C, Carrino D, Paternostro F, Taddei N, Gulisano M, Pacini A, Becatti M (2020) Cadmium-induced oxidative stress: focus on the central nervous system. J Antioxid Act 9:492
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):394–424
Cao Z, Cui S, Lu X, Chen X, Yang X, Cui J, Zhang G (2018) Effects of occupational cadmium exposure on workers’ cardiovascular system. Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi=Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi=Chin J Ind Hyg Occup Dis 36:474–477
Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebæk NE (1992) Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. Br Med J 305(6854):609–613
Chen S, Liu G, Long M, Zou H, Cui H (2018) Alpha lipoic acid attenuates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in rat. J Inorg Biochem 184:19–26
Choong G, Liu Y, Templeton DM (2014) Interplay of calcium and cadmium in mediating cadmium toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 211:54–65
Chunhabundit R (2016) Cadmium exposure and potential health risk from foods in contaminated area, Thailand. Toxicol Res 32:65–72
Confalonieri P, Volpe MC, Jacob J, Maiocchi S, Salton F, Ruaro B et al (2022) Regeneration or repair? The role of alveolar epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Cells 11(13):2095
Corsini E, Roggen EL (2017) Overview of in vitro assessment of immunotoxicity. Curr Opin Toxicol 5:13–18
Cuypers A, Plusquin M, Remans T, Jozefczak M, Keunen E, Gielen H, Opdenakker K, Nair AR, Munters E, Artois TJ (2010) Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge. Biometals 23:927–940
Dalle-Donne I, Aldini G, Carini M, Colombo R, Rossi R, Milzani A (2006) Protein carbonylation, cellular dysfunction, and disease progression. J Cell Mol Med 10:389–406
Della Chiara G, Gervasoni F, Fakiola M, Godano C, D’oria C, Azzolin L, Bonnal RJP, Moreni G, Drufuca L, Rossetti G (2021) Epigenomic landscape of human colorectal cancer unveils an aberrant core of pan-cancer enhancers orchestrated by yap/taz. Nat Commun 12:2340
Dong Q, Fang J, Huang F, Cai K (2019) Silicon amendment reduces soil cd availability and cd uptake of two pennisetum species. IJERPH 16:1624
Dong A, Dong H, He H, Dong A, Yan J, Huo J (2023) Effects of cadmium on kidney function of the freshwater turtles Mauremys reevesii. Biol Trace Elem Res 201(6):3000–3005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03397-y
Đukić-Ćosić D, Baralić K, Javorac D, Djordjevic AB, Bulat Z (2020) An overview of molecular mechanisms in cadmium toxicity. Curr Opin Toxicol 19:56–62
El Rasafi T, Oukarroum A, Haddioui A, Song H, Kwon EE, Bolan N et al (2022) Cadmium stress in plants: a critical review of the effects, mechanisms, and tolerance strategies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 52(5):675–726
ElMahdy MK, Zaki MO, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abdo W, Alnasser SM, Antar SA (2022) Glimepiride ameliorates renal toxicity induced by cadmium in mice: modulation of Jun N terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase (AKT) pathways. Life Sci 311:121184
European Food Safety Authority (2012) Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA J 10(1):2551
FAO/WHO (2010) Expert meeting on the application of nanotechnologies in the food and agriculture sectors: potential food safety implications: Meeting report: World Health Organization
Fatima G, Raza AM, Hadi N, Nigam N, Mahdi AA (2019) Cadmium in human diseases: it’s more than just a mere metal. Indian J Clin Biochem 34:371–378
Filippini T, Torres D, Lopes C, Carvalho C, Moreira P, Naska A, Kasdagli M-I, Malavolti M, Orsini N, Vinceti M (2020) Cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environ Int 142:105879
Fisch H, Braun SR (2013) Trends in global semen parameter values. Asian J Androl 15(2):169
Florea A-M, Büsselberg D (2006) Occurrence, use and potential toxic effects of metals and metal compounds. Biometals 19:419–427
Forcella M, Lau P, Oldani M, Melchioretto P, Bogni A, Gribaldo L, Fusi P, Urani C (2020) Neuronal specific and non-specific responses to cadmium possibly involved in neurodegeneration: a toxicogenomics study in a human neuronal cell model. Neurotoxicology 76:162–173
Franchimont D (2004) Overview of the actions of glucocorticoids on the immune response: a good model to characterize new pathways of immunosuppression for new treatment strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1024(1):124–137
Fréry N, Saoudi A, Garnier R, Zeghnoun A, Falq G, Guldner L (2010) Exposure of the French population to environmental pollutants. Environmental components of the French National Survey on Nutrition and Health–Initial results. French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France
Gallagher CM, Meliker JR (2010) Blood and urine cadmium, blood pressure, and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 118(12):1676–1684
Gallagher CM, Kovach JS, Meliker JR (2008) Urinary cadmium and osteoporosis in US women ≥ 50 years of age: NHANES 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Environ Health Perspect 116(10):1338–1343
Gaschler MM, Stockwell BR (2017) Lipid peroxidation in cell death. BBRC 482:419–425
Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G, Carocci A, Catalano A (2020) The effects of cadmium toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(11):3782
Goering P, Waalkes M, Klaassen C (1995) Toxicology of cadmium. In: Toxicology of metals: biochemical aspects. Springer, pp 189–214
Gonçalves AL, Pires JC, Simões M (2017) A review on the use of microalgal consortia for wastewater treatment. Algal Res 24:403–415
Grau-Perez M, Pichler G, Galan-Chilet I, Briongos-Figuero LS, Rentero-Garrido P, Lopez-Izquierdo R et al (2017) Urine cadmium levels and albuminuria in a general population from Spain: a gene-environment interaction analysis. Environ Int 106:27–36
Gutsch A, Zouaghi S, Renaut J, Cuypers A, Hausman J-F, Sergeant K (2018) Changes in the proteome of medicago sativa leaves in response to long-term cadmium exposure using a cell-wall targeted approach. Int J Mol Sci 19:2498
Hayat SMG, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Sahebkar A (2019) Stealth functionalization of biomaterials and nanoparticles by cd47 mimicry. Int J Pharm 569:118628
He P, Lu Y, Liang Y, Chen B, Wu M, Li S et al (2013) Exposure assessment of dietary cadmium: findings from Shanghainese over 40 years, China. BMC Public Health 13:1–11
He T, Shen H, Zhu J, Zhu Y, He Y, Li Z, Lu H (2019) Geniposide attenuates cadmium-induced oxidative stress injury via Nrf2 signaling in osteoblasts. Mol Med Rep 20(2):1499–1508
He S, Zhuo L, Cao Y, Liu G, Zhao H, Song R, Liu Z (2020) Effect of cadmium on osteoclast differentiation during bone injury in female mice. Environ Toxicol 35(4):487–494
Heinrichs H, Schulz-Dobrick B, Wedepohl K (1980) Terrestrial geochemistry of Cd, Bi, Tl, Pb, Zn and Rb. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44(10):1519–1533
Hernández-Cruz EY, Arancibia-Hernández YL, Loyola-Mondragón DY, Pedraza-Chaverri J (2022) Oxidative stress and its role in Cd-induced epigenetic modifications: use of antioxidants as a possible preventive strategy. Oxygen 2(2):177–210
Hocaoğlu-Özyiğit A, Genç BN (2020) Cadmium in plants, humans and the environment. Front Life Sci Relat Technol 1(1):12–21
Hoffmann L, Putzke H-P, Kampehl H-J, Russbült R, Gase P, Simonn C et al (1985) Carcinogenic effects of cadmium on the prostate of the rat. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 109:193–199
Horiguchi H (2019) Cadmium exposure and its effects on the health status of rice farmers in Akita prefecture. In: Cadmium toxicity: new aspects in human disease, rice contamination, and cytotoxicity. Springer, pp 75–83
Hossein-Khannazer N, Azizi G, Eslami S, Alhassan Mohammed H, Fayyaz F, Hosseinzadeh R et al (2020) The effects of cadmium exposure in the induction of inflammation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 42(1):1–8
Imura J, Tsuneyama K, Ueda Y (2019) Novel pathological study of cadmium nephropathy of Itai-Itai disease. In: Cadmium toxicity: new aspects in human disease, rice contamination, and cytotoxicity. Springer, pp 39–50
Iradukunda A, Zhang D, Proshad R, Mperejekumana P (2021) A review on cadmium contamination in soil and bioaccumulation by tobacco, its source, toxicity and health risk. Asian J Plant Sci Res 11(5):154–163
Ismael MA, Elyamine AM, Moussa MG, Cai M, Zhao X, Hu C (2019) Cadmium in plants: uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers. Metallomics 11:255–277
Järup L, Åkesson A (2009) Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):201–208
Jenardhanan P, Panneerselvam M, Mathur PP (2016) Effect of environmental contaminants on spermatogenesis.. In: Paper presented at the Seminars in cell & developmental biology
Joseph P (2009) Mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):272–279
Karazivan P, Dumez V, Flora L, Pomey M-P, Del Grande C, Ghadiri DP et al (2015) The patient-as-partner approach in health care: a conceptual framework for a necessary transition. Acad Med 90(4):437–441
Karunakaran C, Dhanalakshmi R (2009) Selectivity in photocatalysis by particulate semiconductors. Cent Eur J Chem 7:134
Keshav Krishna A, Rama Mohan K (2016) Distribution, correlation, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils around an industrial area, Hyderabad, India. Environ Earth Sci 75:1–17
Kim M, Wolt J (2011) Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary cadmium in the South Korean population. Food Addit Contam Part A 28:62–70
Kim K, Melough MM, Vance TM, Noh H, Koo SI, Chun OK (2018) Dietary cadmium intake and sources in the US. Nutrients 11(1):2
Kim J, Song H, Lee J, Kim YJ, Chung HS, Yu JM et al (2023) Smoking and passive smoking increases mortality through mediation effect of cadmium exposure in the United States. Sci Rep 13(1):3878
Knez J (2013) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and male reproductive health. Reprod Biomed Online 26(5):440–448
Knoell DL, Wyatt TA (2021) The adverse impact of cadmium on immune function and lung host defense. In: Paper presented at the Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
Koch W, Karim MR, Marzec Z, Miyataka H, Himeno S, Asakawa Y (2016) Dietary intake of metals by the young adult population of eastern Poland: results from a market basket study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 35:36–42
Kodavanti PRS, Loganathan BG (2017) Organohalogen pollutants and human health. In: Quah SR, Cockerham WC (eds) The international encyclopedia of public health, vol 5. Springer, pp 359–366
Kubier A, Wilkin RT, Pichler T (2019) Cadmium in soils and groundwater: a review. J Appl Geochem 108:104388
Kurochkin IO, Etzkorn M, Buchwalter D, Leamy L, Sokolova IM (2011) Top-down control analysis of the cadmium effects on molluscan mitochondria and the mechanisms of cadmium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul 300:R21–R31
Laouali N, Benmarhnia T, Lanphear BP, Oulhote Y (2023) Associations with blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations in relation to mortality in the US population: A causal survival analysis with G-computation. Toxics 11(2):133
Lawless L, Xie L, Zhang K (2023) The inter-and multi-generational epigenetic alterations induced by maternal cadmium exposure. Front Cell Dev Biol 11:1148906
Li X, Zheng S, Wu G (2020) Amino acid metabolism in the kidneys: nutritional and physiological significance. In: Amino acids in nutrition and health: amino acids in systems function and health. Springer, pp 71–95
Li R, Jia Y, Kong X, Nie Y, Deng Y, Liu Y (2022) Novel drug delivery systems and disease models for pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 348:95–114
Lin H-C, Hao W-M, Chu P-H (2021) Cadmium and cardiovascular disease: an overview of pathophysiology, epidemiology, therapy, and predictive value. Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed) 40(8):611–617
Lokhande B, Patil P, Uplane M (2004) Studies on cadmium oxide sprayed thin films deposited through nonaqueous medium. Mater Chem Phys 84:238–242
Lordan R, Zabetakis I (2022) Cadmium: A focus on the Brown crab (Cancer pagurus) industry and potential human health risks. Toxics 10(10):591
Ma Y, Su Q, Yue C, Zou H, Zhu J, Zhao H et al (2022) The effect of oxidative stress-induced autophagy by cadmium exposure in kidney, liver, and bone damage, and neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 23(21):13491
Malhotra J, Malvezzi M, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P (2016) Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide. Eur Respir J 48(3):889–902
Malin AJ, Wright RO (2018) The developmental neurotoxicity of cadmium, Handbook of developmental neurotoxicology. Elsevier, pp 407–412
Mao W, Zhang N, Zhou F, Li W, Liu H, Feng J, Zhou L, Wei C, Pan Y, He Z (2011) Cadmium directly induced mitochondrial dysfunction of human embryonic kidney cells. HET 30:920–929
Marzec Z, Łukasiewicz M (2010) Cadmium, lead and nickel in food rations of the canteens of welfare institutions. Bromat Chem Toksykol 3:281–286
Matović V, Buha A, Bulat Z, Đukić-Ćosić D (2011) Cadmium toxicity revisited: focus on oxidative stress induction and interactions with zinc and magnesium. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju 62:65–75
Menke A, Muntner P, Silbergeld EK, Platz EA, Guallar E (2009) Cadmium levels in urine and mortality among US adults. Environ Health Perspect 117(2):190–196
Messelmani T, Morisseau L, Sakai Y, Legallais C, Le Goff A, Leclerc E, Jellali R (2022) Liver organ-on-chip models for toxicity studies and risk assessment. Lab Chip 22:2423
Messner B, Türkcan A, Ploner C, Laufer G, Bernhard D (2016) Cadmium overkill: autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis signalling in endothelial cells exposed to cadmium. Cell Mol Life Sci 73:1699–1713
Mężyńska M, Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Piłat-Marcinkiewicz B (2018) Extract from aronia melanocarpa l. Berries prevents cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the liver: a study in a rat model of low-level and moderate lifetime human exposure to this toxic metal. Nutrients 11:21
Monteiro C, Ferreira De Oliveira JMP, Pinho F, Bastos V, Oliveira H, Peixoto F, Santos C (2018) Biochemical and transcriptional analyses of cadmium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human osteoblasts. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 81:705–717
Moon C-S, Yang H-R, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M (2016) Time trend of cadmium intake in Korea. Environ Health Prev Med 21:118–128
Munisamy R, Ismail SNS, Praveena SM (2013) Cadmium exposure via food crops: a case study of intensive farming area. Am J Appl Sci 10:1252–1262
Nasirzadeh L, Kvarnheden A, Sorkhilaleloo B, Hervan EM, Fatehi F (2022) Foliar-applied selenium nanoparticles can alleviate soil-cadmium stress through physio-chemical and stomatal changes to optimize yield, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 22:2469–2480
Nazar R, Iqbal N, Masood A, Khan MIR, Syeed S, Khan NA (2012) Cadmium toxicity in plants and role of mineral nutrients in its alleviation
Nazima B, Manoharan V, Miltonprabu S (2016) Oxidative stress induced by cadmium in the plasma, erythrocytes and lymphocytes of rats: attenuation by grape seed proanthocyanidins. HET 35:428–447
Nguyen NT, Umbaugh DS, Smith S, Adelusi OB, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H (2023) Dose-dependent pleiotropic role of neutrophils during acetaminophen-induced liver injury in male and female mice. Arch Toxicol 97:1–16
Niede R, Benbi DK (2022) Integrated review of the nexus between toxic elements in the environment and human health. AIMS Public Health 9(4):758
Ning B, Yu T, Zhang S, Huang Z, Tian D, Lin Z, Niu A, Golden N, Hensley K, Threeton B (2021) A smartphone-read ultrasensitive and quantitative saliva test for covid-19. Sci Adv 7:3703
Niture S, Lin M, Qi Q, Moore JT, Levine KE, Fernando RA, Kumar D (2021) Role of autophagy in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and liver diseases. J Toxicol 2021:9564297
Nordkap L, Joensen UN, Jensen MB, Jørgensen N (2012) Regional differences and temporal trends in male reproductive health disorders: semen quality may be a sensitive marker of environmental exposures. Mol Cell Endocrinol 355(2):221–230
Nzengue Y, Steiman R, Rachidi W, Favier A, Guiraud P (2012) Oxidative stress induced by cadmium in the c6 cell line: role of copper and zinc. Biol Trace Elem Res 146:410–419
Oldiges H, Hochrainer D, Takenaka S, Oberdörster G, König H (1984) Lung carcinomas in rats after low level cadmium inhalation. Toxicol Environ Chem 9(1):41–51
Olsson I-M, Bensryd I, Lundh T, Ottosson H, Skerfving S, Oskarsson A (2002) Cadmium in blood and urine--impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking--association of renal effects. Environ Health Perspect 110(12):1185–1190
Paithankar JG, Saini S, Dwivedi S, Sharma A, Chowdhuri DK (2021) Heavy metal associated health hazards: an interplay of oxidative stress and signal transduction. Chemosphere 262:128350
Patra R, Rautray AK, Swarup D (2011) Oxidative stress in lead and cadmium toxicity and its amelioration. Vet Med Int
Park E, Kim J, Kim B, Park EY (2021) Association between environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Chemosphere 266:128947
Pietrzak S, Wójcik J, Baszuk P, Marciniak W, Wojtyś M, Dębniak T et al (2021) Influence of the levels of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead on overall survival in lung cancer. Biomol Ther 11(8):1160
Program NT (2000) Ninth report on carcinogens. National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC
Pyatha S, Kim H, Lee D, Kim K (2022) Association between heavy metal exposure and Parkinson’s disease: a review of the mechanisms related to oxidative stress. Antioxidants 11(12):2467
Pysz K, Leszczyńska T, Bieżanowska-Kopeć R, Kopeć A (2016) Chemical assessment of lead, cadmium, nitrate, and nitrite intakes with daily diets of children and adolescents from orphanages in Krakow, Poland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:25200–25209
Rani A, Kumar A, Lal A, Pant M (2014) Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: a review. Int J Environ Health Res 24:378–399
Rao RAK, Kashifuddin M (2016) Adsorption studies of Cd(II) on ball clay: comparison with other natural clays. Arab J Chem 9:S1233–S1241
Rennke H, Denker B (2020) Renal pathology: the essentials. Wolters Kluwer, New York
Repić A, Bulat P, Antonijević B, Antunović M, Džudović J, Buha A, Bulat Z (2020) The influence of smoking habits on cadmium and lead blood levels in the Serbian adult people. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:751–760
Reshma V, Mohanan P (2019) Quantum dots: applications and safety consequences. J Lumin 205:287–298
Reyes-Hinojosa D, Lozada-Pérez C, Cuevas YZ, López-Reyes A, Martínez-Nava G, Fernández-Torres J et al (2019) Toxicity of cadmium in musculoskeletal diseases. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 72:103219
Roe FJ (1995) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans: beryllium, cadmium, mercury and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry, volume 58: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1993 (ISBN 92 832 1258 4.), 444 pp
Rogalska J, Brzóska MM, Roszczenko A, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J (2009) Enhanced zinc consumption prevents cadmium-induced alterations in lipid metabolism in male rats. Chem Biol Interact 177:142–152
Ruddle NH, Akirav EM (2009) Secondary lymphoid organs: responding to genetic and environmental cues in ontogeny and the immune response. J Immunol 183(4):2205–2212
Ryznar RJ, Phibbs L, Van Winkle LJ (2021) Epigenetic modifications at the center of the barker hypothesis and their transgenerational implications. IJERPH 18:12728
Saleh SR, Kandeel MM, Ghareeb D, Ghoneim TM, Talha NI, Alaoui-Sossé B, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM (2020) Wheat biological responses to stress caused by cadmium, nickel and lead. Sci Total Environ 706:136013
Salton F, Volpe MC, Confalonieri M (2019) Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Medicina 55(4):83
Sand S, Becker W (2012) Assessment of dietary cadmium exposure in Sweden and population health concern including scenario analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 50(3–4):536–544
Satarug S (2018) Dietary cadmium intake and its effects on kidneys. Toxics 6(1):15
Satarug S (2019) Cadmium sources and toxicity, vol 7. MDPI, p 25
Satarug S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Ruangyuttikarn W, Nishijo M, Ruiz P (2013) Modeling cadmium exposures in low-and high-exposure areas in Thailand. Environ Health Perspect 121(5):531–536
Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Phelps KR (2023) Estimation of health risks associated with dietary cadmium exposure. Arch Toxicol 97(2):329–358
Shahriar S, Rahman MM, Naidu R (2020) Geographical variation of cadmium in commercial rice brands in Bangladesh, Human health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 716,:137049
Shi Z, Carey M, Meharg C, Williams PN, Signes-Pastor AJ, Triwardhani EA et al (2020) Rice grain cadmium concentrations in the global supply-chain. In: Exposure and health, vol 12. Springer, pp 869–876
Sinicropi MS, Amantea D, Caruso A, Saturnino C (2010) Chemical and biological properties of toxic metals and use of chelating agents for the pharmacological treatment of metal poisoning. Arch Toxicol 84:501–520
Sirot V, Samieri C, Volatier J-L, Leblanc J-C (2008) Cadmium dietary intake and biomarker data in French high seafood consumers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18(4):400–409
Skogheim TS, Weyde KVF, Engel SM, Aase H, Surén P, Øie MG et al (2021) Metal and essential element concentrations during pregnancy and associations with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Environ Int 152:106468
Song C, Wu L, Xie Y, He J, Chen X, Wang T, Lin Y, Jin T, Wang A, Liu Y (2017) Air pollution in china: status and spatiotemporal variations. Environ Pollut 227:334–347
Souza-Arroyo V, Fabián JJ, Bucio-Ortiz L, Miranda-Labra RU, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC (2022) The mechanism of the cadmium-induced toxicity and cellular response in the liver. Toxicology 2022:153339
Sun H, Wang D, Zhou Z, Ding Z, Chen X, Xu Y et al (2016) Association of cadmium in urine and blood with age in a general population with low environmental exposure. Chemosphere 156:392–397
Sun Q, Li Y, Shi L, Hussain R, Mehmood K, Tang Z, Zhang H (2022) Heavy metals induced mitochondrial dysfunction in animals: molecular mechanism of toxicity. Toxicology 2022:153136
Suwazono Y, Nogawa K, Uetani M, Kido T, Nakagawa H (2011) Reassessment of the threshold of urinary cadmium by using hybrid approach in a cadmium non-polluted area in Japan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214(2):175–178
Taha MM, Mahdy-Abdallah H, Shahy EM, Ibrahim KS, Elserougy S (2018) Impact of occupational cadmium exposure on bone in sewage workers. Int J Occup Environ Health 24(3–4):101–108
Thompson J, Bannigan J (2008) Cadmium: toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod Toxicol 25:304–315
Tinkov AA, Filippini T, Ajsuvakova OP, Skalnaya MG, Aaseth J, Bjørklund G et al (2018) Cadmium and atherosclerosis: A review of toxicological mechanisms and a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Environ Res 162:240–260
Udi OA, Efekemo O, Orororo OC (2022) Changes in liver Histomorphology, hematological parameters and lipid profile of cadmium-exposed rats treated with combined leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Occimum gratissimum. Asian J Med Health 20(11):195–203
Vacchi-Suzzi C, Kruse D, Harrington J, Levine K, Meliker JR (2016) Is urinary cadmium a biomarker of long-term exposure in humans? A review. Curr Environ Health Rep 3:450–458
Valko M, Rhodes C, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 160:1–40
Waalkes MP (2000) Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. J Inorg Biochem 79(1–4):241–244
Waalkes MP, Rehm S (1992) Carcinogenicity of oral cadmium in the male Wistar (WFNCr) rat: effect of chronic dietary zinc deficiency. Fundam Appl Toxicol 19(4):512–520
Waalkes MP, Rehm S (1994) Cadmium and prostate cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health 43(3):251–269
Waalkes MP, Rehm S, Riggs CW, Bare RM, Devor DE, Poirier LA et al (1988) Cadmium carcinogenesis in male Wistar [Crl:(WI) BR] rats: dose-response analysis of tumor induction in the prostate and testes and at the injection site. Cancer Res 48(16):4656–4663
Waalkes MP, Anver M, Diwan BA (1999) Carcinogenic effects of cadmium in the noble (NBL/Cr) rat: induction of pituitary, testicular, and injection site tumors and intraepithelial proliferative lesions of the dorsolateral prostate. Toxicol Sci 52(2):154–161
Wang L, He L, Mishra A, Li C (2009) Active contours driven by local gaussian distribution fitting energy. IEEE Signal Process Lett 89:2435–2447
Wang B, Li Y, Shao C, Tan Y, Cai L (2012) Cadmium and its epigenetic effects. Curr Med Chem 19:2611–2620
Wang X, Mukherjee B, Park SK (2018) Associations of cumulative exposure to heavy metal mixtures with obesity and its comorbidities among US adults in NHANES 2003–2014. Environ Int 121:683–694
Wang H, Abel GM, Storm DR, Xia Z (2019) Cadmium exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Toxicol Sci 171(2):501–514
Wang C, Cheng T, Liu H, Zhou F, Zhang J, Zhang M, Liu X, Shi W, Cao T (2021) Nano-selenium controlled cadmium accumulation and improved photosynthesis in indica rice cultivated in lead and cadmium combined paddy soils. J Environ Sci 103:336–346
Wang W, Silva LM, Wang HH, Kavanaugh MA, Pottorf TS, Allard BA et al (2022) Ttc21b deficiency attenuates autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in a kidney tubular-and maturation-dependent manner. Kidney Int 102(3):577–591
Watanabe K, Koguchi N, Gotoh Y (2000) Fabrication of GaAs quantum dots by modified droplet epitaxy. Jpn J Appl Phys 39:L79
WHO (2011) Who report on the global tobacco epidemic: warning about the dangers of tobacco: World Health Organization
Wojciechowska-Mazurek M, Starska K, Brulińska-Ostrowska E, Plewa M, Biernat U, Karłowski K (2008) Monitoring of contamination of foodstuffs with elements noxious to human health. Part I. Wheat cereal products, vegetable products, confectionery and products for infants and children (2004 year). Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 59(3):251–266
Yan L-J, Allen DC (2021) Cadmium-induced kidney injury: oxidative damage as a unifying mechanism. Biomol Ther 11(11):1575
Yang H, Wu Z, Li X, Li H, Wang L (2015) Metal binding feature of copper-induced metallothionein from fresh water crab sinopotamon henanense reveals its Cu-thionein character. Available at SSRN 4500261
You X, Liu L, Li X, Du H, Nie D, Zhang X, Tong H, Wu M, Gao Y, Liao Z (2018) Immune response of interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) from chinese sturgeon (acipenser sinensis) to microbial invasion and its antioxdative activity in lipopolysaccharides-treated mammalian dentritic cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 72:356–366
Yu D, Zhang L, Yu G, Nong C, Lei M, Tang J et al (2020) Association of liver and kidney functions with klotho gene methylation in a population environment exposed to cadmium in China. Int J Environ Health Res 30(1):38–48
Zhao X, Cheng Z, Zhu Y, Li S, Zhang L, Luo Y (2015) Effects of paternal cadmium exposure on the sperm quality of male rats and the neurobehavioral system of their offspring. Exp Ther Med 10:2356–2360
Zhao L, Islam R, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu L-Z (2022a) Epigenetic regulation in chromium-, nickel-and cadmium-induced carcinogenesis. J Cancer 14:5768
Zhao Y, Dong BR, Hao Q (2022b) Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Zhou X, Hao W, Shi H, Hou Y, Xu Q (2015) Calcium homeostasis disruption-a bridge connecting cadmium-induced apoptosis, autophagy and tumorigenesis. Oncol Res Treat 38:311–315
Zhu J-Q, Liu Y, Zhang J-H, Liu Y-F, Cao J-Q, Huang Z-T, Yuan Y, Bian J-C, Liu Z-P (2018) Cadmium exposure of female mice impairs the meiotic maturation of oocytes and subsequent embryonic development. Toxicol Sci 164:289–299
Zhu J, Huang Z, Yang F, Zhu M, Cao J, Chen J, Lin Y, Guo S, Li J, Liu Z (2021) Cadmium disturbs epigenetic modification and induces DNA damage in mouse preimplantation embryos. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 219:112306
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zuhra, N. et al. (2024). Human Health Effects of Chronic Cadmium Exposure. In: Jha, A.K., Kumar, N. (eds) Cadmium Toxicity Mitigation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47390-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47390-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47389-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-47390-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)