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The Magma Plumbing System of Merapi: The Petrological Perspective

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Merapi Volcano

Part of the book series: Active Volcanoes of the World ((AVOLCAN))

Abstract

Merapi volcano in Central Java is one of the most active volcanoes in the Sunda arc and poses a continuous threat to the local population. Basaltic-andesites from Merapi carry a voluminous crystal cargo and varied inclusion types, suggesting the presence of a complex subvolcanic plumbing system that feeds the volcano. Merapi basaltic-andesite lavas are dominated by a crystal assemblage of plagioclase with lesser pyroxene, Fe-oxides, and yet rarer amphibole phenocrysts. Inclusions in the lavas can be separated into four main groups, comprising (1) basaltic enclaves and highly crystalline basaltic-andesite inclusions, (2) plutonic inclusions, (3) amphibole megacrysts, and (4) calc-silicate crustal xenoliths. Co-magmatic basaltic enclaves display chilled margins, whereas highly crystalline basaltic-andesite inclusions usually lack chilled margins, indicating mixing and mingling of compositionally variable magmas within the Merapi plumbing system. Holocrystalline plutonic inclusions comprise gabbro to diorite compositions and are generally coarse grained with occasional mineral layering. Mineral and isotope compositions of the plutonic inclusions largely overlap with those of recent Merapi lavas, defining them as cognate in origin. Mafic enclaves and amphibole megacrysts are isotopically more primitive and reflect deeper portions of the plumbing system. Geobarometry of plutonic inclusions, amphibole megacrysts, and pyroxene in lavas suggest a polybaric magma supply system beneath Merapi, likely with a larger basaltic storage reservoir at the base of the crust and a broadly andesitic one at mid crustal depth, plus several smaller pockets or chambers in the shallow upper crust. The shallow reservoir system is further supported by frequent contact-metamorphic calc-silicate xenoliths, which testify to intense magma-crust interaction in the upper crust. This is in line with elevated Sr, Pb, and O isotope data for the more evolved plutonic inclusions and in the rims of shallow-grown plagioclase crystals. The petrological evidence thus records crystallisation, crystal accumulation, magma mixing, mafic recharge, and assimilation processes below Merapi and reflects considerable amounts of semi-molten crystalline mushes that are stored within the multi-tiered (polybaric) Merapi magma plumbing system. This implies that a considerable amount of potentially eruptible magma is currently stored beneath the volcano.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to L.S. Blythe, A. Borisova, J.P. Chadwick, B. Dahrén, H. Damarvan, J. Gamble, R. Gertisser, H. Handley, H. Humaida, E.M. Jolis, I. Koulakov, B. Lühr, I. Made, L.M. Schwarzkopf, C. Martel, S. Peters, K. Preece, F. van der Zwan, T.R. Walter, and D. Wagner for constructive discussion on Merapi and its inner workings. We also thank N. Sharaf Aldeen, N. Seraphine and A. Pawar for help during preparation of the manuscript and R. Gertisser, T.E. Waight, and B. Lühr for thoughtful reviews of our manuscript. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC), the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Royal Swedish Academy of Science (KVA), and the Swedish Centre for Natural Hazards and Disaster Science (CNDS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Section for Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Valentin R. Troll & Frances M. Deegan

  2. Istituto Nazionale Di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy

    Valentin R. Troll & Frances M. Deegan

  3. Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Science (CNDS), Uppsala, Sweden

    Valentin R. Troll & Frances M. Deegan

  4. Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD), Bandung, Indonesia

    Valentin R. Troll

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  1. Valentin R. Troll
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  2. Frances M. Deegan
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Correspondence to Valentin R. Troll .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, UK

    Ralf Gertisser

  2. Department of Earth Science, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

    Valentin R. Troll

  3. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

    Thomas R. Walter

  4. Geological Agency, Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, BPPTKG, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    I Gusti Made Agung Nandaka

  5. Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia

    Antonius Ratdomopurbo

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Troll, V.R., Deegan, F.M. (2023). The Magma Plumbing System of Merapi: The Petrological Perspective. In: Gertisser, R., Troll, V.R., Walter, T.R., Nandaka, I.G.M.A., Ratdomopurbo, A. (eds) Merapi Volcano. Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15040-1_8

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