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Magma plumbing beneath Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia: evidence for multiple magma storage regions

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Abstract

Understanding magma plumbing is essential for predicting the behaviour of explosive volcanoes. We investigate magma plumbing at the highly active Anak Krakatau volcano (Indonesia), situated on the rim of the 1883 Krakatau caldera by employing a suite of thermobarometric models. These include clinopyroxene-melt thermobarometry, plagioclase-melt thermobarometry, clinopyroxene composition barometry and olivine-melt thermometry. Petrological studies have previously identified shallow magma storage in the region of 2–8 km beneath Krakatau, while existing seismic evidence points towards mid- to deep-crustal storage zone(s), at 9 and 22 km, respectively. Our results show that clinopyroxene in Anak Krakatau lavas crystallized at a depth of 7–12 km, while plagioclase records both shallow crustal (3–7 km) and sub-Moho (23–28 km) levels of crystallization. These magma storage regions coincide with well-constrained major lithological boundaries in the crust, implying that magma ascent and storage at Anak Krakatau is strongly controlled by crustal properties. A tandem seismic tomography survey independently identified a separate upper crustal (<7 km) and a lower to mid-crustal magma storage region (>7 km). Both petrological and seismic methods are sensitive in detecting magma bodies in the crust, but suffer from various limitations. Combined geophysical and petrological surveys, in turn, offer increased potential for a comprehensive characterization of magma plumbing at active volcanic complexes.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Keith D. Putirka, who provided valuable help with our questions on the thermobarometric models and calibrations. We are grateful to Lara Blythe, Frances Deegan, Lothar Schwarzkopf, David Hilton, Lilli Freda and Piergiorgio Scarlato for help during fieldwork. The project was supported by Science Foundation Sweden (Vetenskapsrådet), Uppsala University and the Otterborgs donationsfond.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, CEMPEG, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Börje Dahren, Valentin R. Troll & Ulf B. Andersson

  2. Department of Petrology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Jane P. Chadwick

  3. Department of Geology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Màiri F. Gardner

  4. Institute for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia

    Kairly Jaxybulatov & Ivan Koulakov

  5. Research Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden

    Ulf B. Andersson

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  1. Börje Dahren
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Correspondence to Börje Dahren.

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Dahren, B., Troll, V.R., Andersson, U.B. et al. Magma plumbing beneath Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia: evidence for multiple magma storage regions. Contrib Mineral Petrol 163, 631–651 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0690-8

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