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Geochemistry of Cold Hydrocarbon Seeps: An Overview

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Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 53))

Abstract

A fundamental geochemical process operating at methane seeps is the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) by which methane is oxidized and sulfate is reduced. This process takes place in the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ), generally located below the sediment-water interface. Methane has a low δ13C signature, and this is transferred to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reservoir during AOM. The increase in alkalinity from AOM can cause various carbonate minerals to precipitate with low δ13C. Indeed, very low δ13C values of ancient calcium carbonates are taken as prima facie evidence that the carbonates formed in a cold hydrocarbon seep environment. Isotope systems applied to ancient hydrocarbon seeps include those of carbon, oxygen, strontium, neodymium, and sulfur. These provide information on carbon source, carbonate formation temperature, the involvement of deep-sourced fluids, and fluid pathways in transferring methane to the SMTZ. Variations of rare earth elements (REEs) provide clues to the environmental conditions under which seep carbonates formed, with implications for the precipitation depth and flow regime. Other trace elements (Fe, Mn, Sr, Mg) in seep carbonates reflect mineralogical differences, and redox-sensitive trace elements (Mo, U, Cd, Sb, As) provide constraints on fluid flux and the dynamics of redox conditions.

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Acknowledgments

This chapter has benefited enormously from the helpful reviews by Marcello Natalicchio (University of Torino, Italy) and Daniel Smrzka (Universität Wien, Austria). The authors are grateful for the assistance from Shannon Brophy, Alison Rowe, and Remy Rovelli in the field and Bushra Hussaini, Kathleen Sarg, and Mariah Slovacek in the laboratory. Stephen Thurston provided graphic support. The strontium isotope measurements reported in Appendix Table 1.1 were made at the Stony Brook University FIRST Laboratory. We thank Katie Wooton, Troy Rasbury, and Tyler Levitsky for their efforts. We have benefited from stimulating discussions with Corinne Myers and James Witts. This work was partially supported by the Norman D. Newell Fund and the Landman Research Fund of the American Museum of Natural History.

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  1. Jone Naujokaityte

    Present address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    J. Kirk Cochran

  2. Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA

    J. Kirk Cochran, Neil H. Landman & Ana Rashkova

  3. Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

    Michał Jakubowicz

  4. Department of Mining Engineering and Management, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

    Jamie Brezina

  5. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Matthew P. Garb

  6. Larson Paleontology Unlimited, Keystone, SD, USA

    Neal L. Larson

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  1. Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

    Andrzej Kaim

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Appendix

Appendix

Appendix Table 1.1 gives oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotope data measured on seep concretions from three ammonite zones in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS) of North America. These data are plotted in Figs. 1.5 and 1.8. The location information (AMNH loc.) is given in Landman et al. (this volume).

Methods

Details on the analytical methods are given in Cochran et al. (2003, 2015) and Landman et al. (2012, 2018). Concretions were sampled sequentially from the outside inward, on a scale of approximately 3 mm, with Sample Number = 1 corresponding to the surface of the concretion. Oxygen and carbon isotopes are reported as permil δ18O and δ13C as relative to the VPDB standard. Values of εSr are calculated from

$$ {\varepsilon}_{Sr}=\left[{\left(\frac{87 Sr}{86 Sr}\right)}_{\mathrm{sample}}-\kern0.5em {\left(\frac{87 Sr}{86 Sr}\right)}_{\mathrm{seawater}}\right]\times {10}^6 $$
(1.13)

where (87Sr/86Sr)seawater represents the coeval seawater dissolved 87Sr/86Sr for the WIS reconstructed by McArthur et al. (1994). Photos of examples of the types of concretions analyzed here are given in Landman et al. (this volume) Figs. 15.12 and 15.13.

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Cochran, J.K. et al. (2022). Geochemistry of Cold Hydrocarbon Seeps: An Overview. In: Kaim, A., Cochran, J.K., Landman, N.H. (eds) Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps. Topics in Geobiology, vol 53. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05623-9_1

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