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Effect of Salinity on Physiological Processes in Plants

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Microorganisms in Saline Environments: Strategies and Functions

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 56))

Abstract

Soil salinity is amongst the most severe globally threatening abiotic stress problems that affects approximately 20% of irrigated lands and reduces crop yields and productivity significantly. The process of soil salinization can be majorly attributed to natural contributors such as weathering of parental rocks, oceanic salt deposition and groundwater table fluctuations, while the common anthropogenic factors contributing to salinization include irrigational water and the incessant and disproportionate usage of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. In saline environs, soil salinity affects plants in several ways and induces dissimilar but distinctive stresses such as osmotic, ionic and oxidative stress. As a consequence of excessive accumulation and toxicity of excessive Na+ and Cl− in the plants, there is a negative effect on almost every known physiological and biochemical metabolic pathway in plants which includes inhibition of photosynthetic activities, membrane disorder, production of toxic metabolites, production of ROS and attenuated water and nutrient acquisition leading to physiological drought, chlorosis and necrosis and cell and subsequently whole plant death as a result of Na+ and Cl− intrusion on many physiological processes in plants. Plants grown in saline environments device a series of adaptive measures to acclimatize to saline conditions; this includes morphological, physiological and biochemical variations. These variations comprise of upsurges in the photosynthetic pigment composition, root/canopy quotient as well as leaf anatomy and ion compartmentalization that ultimately leads to reduction in leaf ion toxicity, thus preserving the water status, limiting water loss and, hence, protecting the process of photosynthesis. This chapter thus discusses the effects of salinity on physiological processes of plants. It also provides some future viewpoints which will widen scientific understanding of exactly how soil salinity distresses the physiological physiognomies of plants.

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  1. Department of Botany, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria

    Okon Godwin Okon

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  1. Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Bhoopander Giri

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

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Okon, O.G. (2019). Effect of Salinity on Physiological Processes in Plants. In: Giri, B., Varma, A. (eds) Microorganisms in Saline Environments: Strategies and Functions. Soil Biology, vol 56. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4_10

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