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Salinity stress alleviation using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A review

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Abstract

Salinity is one of the most severe environmental stress as it decreases crop production of more than 20% of irrigated land worldwide. Hence, it is important to develop salt-tolerant crops. Understanding the mechanisms that enable plant growth under saline conditions is therefore required. Acclimation of plants to salinized conditions depends upon activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress sensing, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. The stress signal is first perceived at the membrane level by the receptors and then transduced in the cell to switch on the stress-responsive genes which mediate stress tolerance. In addition to stress-adaptative mechanisms developed by plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to improve plant tolerance to abiotic environmental factors such as salinity. In this review, we emphasize the significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviation of salt stress and their beneficial effects on plant growth and productivity. Although salinity can affect negatively arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, many reports show improved growth and performance of mycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions. These positive effects are explained by improved host plant nutrition, higher K+/Na+ ratios in plant tissues and a better osmotic adjustment by accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline, glycine betaine, or soluble sugars. Arbuscular mycorrhizal plants also improve photosynthetic- and water use efficiency under salt stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal plants enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes in order to cope with the reactive oxygen species generated by salinity. At the molecular level, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates the expression of plant genes involved in the biosynthesis of proline, of genes encoding aquaporins, and of genes encoding late embryogenesis abundant proteins, with chaperone activity. The regulation of these genes allows mycorrhizal plants to maintain a better water status in their tissues. Gene expression patterns suggest that mycorrhizal plants are less strained by salt stress than non-mycorrhizal plants. In contrast, scarce information is available on the possible regulation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of plant genes encoding Na+/H+ antiporters or cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. These genes encode proteins with a key role in the regulation of uptake, distribution and compartimentation of sodium and other ions within the plant, and are major determinants for the salt sensitiveness of a plant. Thus, we propose that investigating the participation of cation proton antiporters and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis under salinity is a promising field that should shed further light on new mechanisms involved in the enhanced tolerance of mycorrhizal plants to salt stress.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

BAS:

Branched-absorbing structure

CNGC:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel

Lo:

Root hydraulic conductivity

NMP:

Nucleotide monophosphate

NIP:

Nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein

PIP:

Plasma membrane intrinsic protein

P5CS:

Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-synthetase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RWC:

Relative water content

TIP:

Tonoplast intrinsic protein

SIP:

Small and basic intrinsic protein

Ψleaf:

Leaf water potential

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  1. Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC). Prof. Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain

    Rosa Porcel, Ricardo Aroca & Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano

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Porcel, R., Aroca, R. & Ruiz-Lozano, J.M. Salinity stress alleviation using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 32, 181–200 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0029-x

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