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Influence of Race, Gender, Age, and Diabetes on Blood Flow

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Textbook of Aging Skin

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Abstract

While the circulation is controlled by local (metabolic) and neurogenic control, it is modulated by a number of factors. Estrogen, which varies during the normal menstrual cycle, causes circulation in the skin to peak near ovulation. With birth control pills, this change is abolished as it is with menopause. Other conditions like diabetes not only alter circulation but lead to endothelial dysfunction and numerous secondary diseases like heart disease, kidney failure, and retinopathy. Skin circulation in people with diabetes can be as little as one-third normal. This predisposes skin damage and burns. One of the principal factors leading to diabetes-related endothelial cell dysfunction is cellular inflammation. This can be caused by high-fat diets, obesity, cigarette smoking, and a generally poor diet. Some races are more susceptible to endothelial cell damage. A thrifty gene found in all Asians causes cellular inflammation and reduced endothelial response with even a single high-fat meal. Aging causes a natural senescence of the skin circulation and is partly due to increased free radicals in the body causing endothelial dysfunction. Thus all of these factors are important in understanding the circulation in the skin in man.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA

    Jerrold Scott Petrofsky

  2. School of Allied Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Jerrold Scott Petrofsky

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  1. Jerrold Scott Petrofsky
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Correspondence to Jerrold Scott Petrofsky .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Winton Hill Business Center, The Procter & Gamble Company , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Miranda A. Farage

  2. Margoshes-Miller Consulting, LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Kenneth W. Miller

  3. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

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Petrofsky, J.S. (2017). Influence of Race, Gender, Age, and Diabetes on Blood Flow. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Maibach, H. (eds) Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_61

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_61

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