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Alkaliphilic Prokaryotes

  • Reference work entry
The Prokaryotes

Abstract

Alkaliphilic bacteria are widely distributed extremophiles, some of which grow in alkaline niches in which the pH is above 12. These niches include alkaline soda lakes, which are found throughout the world, providing natural enrichments for an impressively diverse array of alkaliphiles. They are also found in more specialized alkaline niches such as the hindguts of certain insects, as well as in soil, marine, and man-made niches. Alkaliphiles are represented in a large number of bacterial genera and physiological types, but share common challenges that include cytoplasmic pH homeostasis and associated problems of bioenergetic work, function of surface-associated and secreted proteins that must function at very high pH, and acquisition of iron and other ions that are at low bioavailability. Studies of the solutions used by alkaliphiles to solve these problems have provided fundamental biological insights and identified transporters and channels that have impact beyond alkaliphiles, including the Mrp family of antiporters, the NaChBac family of channels, and two new types of flagellar stator channels. Alkaliphile enzymes have long been applied to diverse biotechnological uses. There is great potential for expanded use of both alkaliphile enzymes and other products because of the rapid pace of identification of new alkaliphiles, the availability of genomic and metagenomic data, and increasing insights into adaptations involved in alkaliphily obtained from combined structural and phylogenetic data. Through molecular bioengineering, these insights can be tested and applied. Similarly, the expansion of information about the capabilities of alkaliphiles promises increasing use of the organisms themselves in bioprocessing and bioremediation settings.

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Acknowledgments

Work from the authors’ laboratories was supported by research grants GM28454 from the National Institutes of Health (to T.A.K.) and by The Strategic Research Foundation Grant-Aided Project for Private Universities and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) No. 21370074 of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (to M.I.). We thank Benjamin Janto for providing Fig.  20.1 , Shun Fujinami for Fig.  20.8 , and David Hicks for Fig.  20.10 . We are also grateful to many colleagues in our own laboratories and collaborators from other institutions who have contributed to our work and shared ideas, questions, and new findings on alkaliphiles with us.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1603, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-6500, USA

    Prof. Terry Ann Krulwich

  2. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan

    Masahiro Ito

  3. Japan and Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan

    Masahiro Ito

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  1. Prof. Terry Ann Krulwich
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  2. Masahiro Ito
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Correspondence to Terry Ann Krulwich .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  4. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  5. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

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Krulwich, T.A., Ito, M. (2013). Alkaliphilic Prokaryotes. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30123-0_58

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