Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Regulation of secondary antioxidants and carbohydrates by gamma-aminobutyric acid under salinity–alkalinity stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Biologia Futura Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to improve tolerance against abiotic stresses but less studied for salinity–alkalinity stress (SAS). In the present study, GABA regulation of secondary antioxidants and carbohydrates was studied in rice in the presence and absence of SAS. About 1.5 mM GABA, 200 mM SAS, GABA + SAS were applied to 5-day old seedlings, and thereafter measurements were done in shoots and roots at 24, 48, 72 h in rice cultivars CSR 43 (tolerant) and Pusa 44 (susceptible). SAS was applied in molar ratio of 1:9:9:1 of NaCl:Na2SO4:NaHCO3:Na2CO3. Peroxidases (POX), polyphenol oxidases (PPO), lignin, flavonoids and phenolics from secondary metabolism and invertases, hexoses, sucrose and starch from carbohydrate metabolism were studied. Pusa 44 increased soluble POX, lignin, flavonoids in shoots but deficient in roots during stress period but improved under GABA + SAS. CSR 43 increased soluble POX, lignin, flavonoids in roots consistently throughout the stress period and also improved under GABA + SAS. Early increase in cell wall POX/PPO under SAS was seen in CSR 43 only, while Pusa 44 improved this under GABA + SAS. During stress period, CSR 43 showed an increasing trend of cell wall invertase activity, sucrose, sucrose-to-hexose ratio and starch in roots but Pusa 44 showed poor such response but Pusa 44 improved starch, sucrose, sucrose-to-hexose ratio by significant amount in both shoots and roots under GABA + SAS. The overall study indicated GABA as an important regulator of secondary and carbohydrate metabolisms. Besides improving secondary antioxidants, GABA under stress may improve cellular reserves like starch and protective sugars like sucrose.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aggarwal A (2018) Antioxidant response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under saline-alkaline stress in the presence of gamma-amino butyric acid. M. Sc. Dissertation, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810085017

  • Bohm FMLZ, Ferrarese MLL, Zanardo DIL, Magalhaes JR, Ferrarese-Filho O (2010) Nitric oxide affecting root growth, lignification and related enzymes in soybean seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 32:1039–1046

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolouri Moghaddam MRB, Van den Ende W (2012) Sugars and plant innate immunity. J Exp Bot 63:3989–3998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clegg KM (1956) The application of the anthrone reagent to the estimation of starch in cereals. J Sci Food Agri 7:40–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fait A, Fromm H, Walter D, Galili G, Fernie AR (2008) Highway or byway: the metabolic role of the GABA shunt in plants. Trends Plant Sci 13:14–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Zou Z, Zhang H, Zhao J (2012) Effect of exogenous spermidine on polyamine content and metabolism in tomato exposed to salinity–alkalinity mixed stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 57:200–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia W, Zhang L, Wu D, Liu S, Gong X, Cui Z, Cui N, Cao H, Rao L, Wang C (2015) Sucrose transporter AtSUC9 mediated by a low sucrose level is involved in Arabidopsis abiotic stress resistance by regulating sucrose distribution and ABA accumulation. Plan Cell Physiol 56:1574–1587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur A, Zhawar VK, Pannu PPS, Sharma S (2019) Effect of abscisic acid and salicylic acid on growth and phenolic parameters under Fusarium fujikuroi infection in rice seedlings. Indian Phytopathol 72:253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur L, Zhawar VK (2015) Phenolic parameters under exogenous ABA, water stress, salt stress in two wheat cultivars varying in drought tolerance. Indian J Plant Physiol 20:151–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur R, Zhawar VK (2017) Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide regulation of phenolic metabolism under water stress and ABA in wheat. Acta Biol Hung 68:162–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Shi F, Fukuda K (2010) Interactive effects of salt and alkali stresses on seed germination, germination recovery, and seedling growth of a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae). S Afr J Bot 76(2):380–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lv BS, Li XW, Ma HY, Sun Y, Wei LX, Jiang CJ, Liang ZW (2013) Differences in growth and physiology of rice in response to different saline-alkaline stress factors. Agronomy J 105:1119–1128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malekzadeh P, Khara J, Heydari R (2014) Alleviating effects of exogenous γ-aminobutiric acid on tomato seedling under chilling stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 20:133–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McRary WL, Slattery MC (1945) The colorimetric determination of fructosan in plant material. J Biol Chem 157:161–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moura JC, Boninede Oliveira Fernandes VianaDornelas CAJMC, Mazzafera P (2010) Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. J Integr Plant Biol 52:360–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayyar H, Kaur R, Kaur S, Singh R (2013) γ-AminobutyricAcid (GABA) imparts partial protection from heat stress injury to rice seedlings by improving leaf turgor and up regulating osmoprotectants and antioxidants. J Plant Growth Regul 33:408–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onofri A (2007). Routine statistical analyses of field experiments by using an excel extension. Proceedings 6th National Conference Italian Biometric Society: La statistica nelle scienze della vita e dell’ ambiente, Pisa, 20–22 June, 2007, 93–96.

  • Paz RC, Reinoso H, Espasandin FD, González Antivilo FA, Sansberro PA, Rocco RA, Ruiz OA, Menéndez AB (2014) Akaline, saline and mixed saline-alkaline stresses induce physiological and morpho-anatomical changes in Lotus tenuis shoots. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 16:1042–1049

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renault H, El Amrani A, Berger A, Mouille G, Soubigou-Taconnat LU, Bouchereau A, Deleu C (2013) γ-Aminobutyric acid transaminase deficiency impairs central carbon metabolism and leads to cell wall defects during salt stress in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell Environ 36:1009–1018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renault H, Roussel V, El Amrani A, Arzel M, Renault D, Bouchereau A, Deleu C (2010) The Arabidopsis pop 2–1 mutant reveals the involvement of GABA transaminase in salt stress tolerance. BMC Plant Biol 10:20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roitsch T, Balibrea ME, Hofmann M, Proels R, Sinha AK (2003) Extracellular invertase: key metabolic enzyme and PR protein. J Exp Bot 54:513–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa M, Prado C, Podazza G, Interdonato R, Gonzalez JA, Hilal M, Prado FE (2009) Soluble sugars-metabolism, sensing and abiotic stress. Plant Signal Behav 4:388–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan YL, Jin Y, Yang YJ, Li GJ, Boyer JS (2010) Sugar input, metabolism, and signaling mediated by invertase: roles in development, yield potential, and response to drought and heat. Mol Plant 3:942–955

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saeedipour S, Moradi F (2011) Comparison of the drought stress responses of tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivars during grain filling: impact of invertase activity on carbon metabolism during kernel development. J Agric Sci 3:32–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakhuja M (2018). Regulation of antioxidant metabolism by abscisic acid and salicylic acid in response to Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon infection in rice. M. Sc. Dissertation, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810052654

  • Sami F, Yusuf M, Faizan M, Faraz A, Hayat S (2016) Role of sugars under abiotic stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 109:54–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi D, Sheng Y (2005) Effect of various salt–alkaline mixed stress conditions on sunflower seedlings and analysis of their stress factors. Environ Exp Bot 54:8–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi SQ, Shi Z, Jiang ZP, Qi LW, Sun XM, Li CX, Liu JF, Xiao WF, Zhang SG (2010) Effects of exogenous GABA on gene expression of Caragana intermedia roots under NaCl stress: regulatory roles for H2O2 and ethylene production. Plant Cell Environ 33:149–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh YP, Mishra VK, Singh S, Sharma DK, Singh D, Singh US, Singh RK, Haefele SM, Ismail AM (2016) Productivity of sodic soils can be enhanced through the use of salt tolerant rice varieties and proper agronomic practices. Field Crops Res 190:82–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanotra S, Zhawar VK, Sharma S (2019) Regulation of antioxidant enzymes and invertases by hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide under ABA and water deficit stress in wheat. Agric Res 8:441–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thipyapong P, Stout MJ, Attajarusit J (2007) Functional analysis of polyphenol oxidases by antisense/sense technology. Molecules 12:1569–1595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Gu W, Meng Y, Xie T, Li L, Li J, Wei S (2017) γ-aminobutyric acid imparts partial protection from salt stress injury to maize seedlings by improving potosynthesis and upregulating osmotic protectants and antioxidants. Sci Rep 7:43609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei LX, Lv BS, Wang MM, Ma HY, Yang HY, Liu XL, Jiang CJ, Liang ZW (2015) Priming effect of abscisic acid on alkaline stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 90:50–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang L, Hu L, Xu W, Zhen A, Zhang L, Hu X (2016) Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid improves the structure and function of photosystem II in muskmelon seedlings exposed to salinity alkalinity stress. PLoS ONE 11:e0164847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang L, Le Roy K, Bolouri-Moghaddam MR, Vanhaecke M, Lammens W, Rolland F, Van den Ende W (2011) Exploring the neutral invertase–oxidative stress defence connection in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 62:3849–3862

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Duan X, Ding F, Ma H, Zhang T, Yang Y (2014) Salinity induced the changes of root growth and antioxidative responses in two wheat cultivars. Protoplasma 251:771–780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhawar VK, Kaur K (2018) Physiological and biochemical changes in plants under soil salinity stress: a review. In: Goyal M, Gupta SK, Singh A (eds) Engineering practices for management of soil salinity: agricultural, physiological, and adaptive approaches. Apple Academic Press, Waretown, NJ, pp 117–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhawar VK, Kaur N, Gupta AK (2011) Phytic acid and raffinose series oligosaccharides metabolism in developing chickpea seeds. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 17:355–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the internal financial sources of Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, 141004

    Ramanjeet Kaur & Vikramjit Kaur Zhawar

Authors
  1. Ramanjeet Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vikramjit Kaur Zhawar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RK (M. Sc. Student of P. A. U. Ludhiana) and VKZ (Major Advisor of M. Sc. Thesis) helped RK in designing, performing experiments and data analysis of research and writing rough draft of manuscript. VKZ revised and prepared the final draft.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vikramjit Kaur Zhawar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Authors have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kaur, R., Zhawar, V.K. Regulation of secondary antioxidants and carbohydrates by gamma-aminobutyric acid under salinity–alkalinity stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BIOLOGIA FUTURA 72, 229–239 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-020-00055-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-020-00055-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation