Abstract
Aflatoxins are a large group of highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by specific species of fungi. Potential contamination of food commodities by these compounds causes extensive damage that lead to great economic losses. This study explored the potential use of antifungal compounds, produced by Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus paracasei, for growth inhibition and subsequent aflatoxin B1 production from select strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Lactobacilli strains were isolated from traditional Egyptian dairy products, whereas fungal strains were isolated from infected cereal seeds. There were noticeable decreases in mycelium biomass and aflatoxin production as well. L. brevis exhibited the highest reduction of aflatoxin B1 production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus, 96.31 and 90.43%, respectively. The concentrations of amino acids of the antifungal compound produced by L. brevis were significantly higher than that produced by L. paracasei. Asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, and leucine were the most concentrated amino acids for both strains. The antifungal compounds produced by L. brevis and L. paracasei were active in a wide range of pH, heat stable and inactivated by proteolytic enzymes (protease K and trypsin A). The expression of Omt-A gene that involved in the later step of aflatoxin production was evaluated by real-time PCR. There was a vigorous reduction at transcriptional level of Omt-A gene observed in A. flavus that is treated by L. brevis and L. paracasei (80 and 70%, respectively). However, the reduction of Omt-A gene observed in A. parasiticus that is treated by L. brevis and L. paracasei was 64.5 and 52%, respectively. Treating maize seeds with antifungal compounds exhibited great efficiency in controlling fungal infection and increasing seed germination. The results confirmed that lactic acid bacteria are a promising strategy to control food contamination of fermented food and dairy products.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A (2010) Mycotoxins in food and feed: present status and future concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9(1):57–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x
Afsah-Hejri L, Jinap S, Hajeb P, Radu S, Shakibazadeh S (2013) A review on mycotoxins in food and feed: Malaysia case study. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12(6):629–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12029
Lutfullah G, Hussain A (2012) Studies on contamination level of aflatoxins in some cereals and beans of Pakistan. Food Control 23(1):32–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.004
Ostadrahimi A, Ashrafnejad F, Kazemi A, Sargheini N, Mahdavi R, Farshchian M (2014) Aflatoxin in raw and salt-roasted nuts (pistachios, peanuts and walnuts) sold in markets of Tabriz, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 7(1):1–5
Gacem MA, El Hadj-Khelil AO (2016) Toxicology, biosynthesis, bio-control of aflatoxin and new methods of detection. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6(9):808–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.07.012
Enyiukwu DN, Awurum AN, Nwaneri JA (2014) Efficacy of plant-derived pesticides in the control of mycoinduced postharvest and storage rots of tubers and agricultural products: a review. Neth J Agric Sci 2(1):30–46
Tsitsigiannis DI, Dimakopoulou M, Antoniou PP, Tjamos EC (2012) Biological control strategies of mycotoxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins in Mediterranean basin crops. Phytopathol Mediterr 51(1):158–174
Franz CM, Cho G, Holzapfel WH, Gálvez A (2010) Safety of lactic acid bacteria. In: Mozzi F, Raya R, Vignolo G (eds) Biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria novel applications. Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa. Organisation/Makerere Univ, p 27. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813820866.ch19
Vignolo G, Saavedra L, Sesma F, Raya R (2012) Food bioprotection: lactic acid bacteria as natural preservatives. In: Bhat R, Alias AK, Paliyath G (eds) Progress in food preservation. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119962045.ch22
Pedro MO, Emanuele Z, Elke KA (2014) Cereal fungal infection, mycotoxins, and lactic acid bacteria mediated bioprotection: from crop farming to cereal products. Food Microbiol 37:78–95
Ghazvini RD, Kouhsari E, Zibafar E, Hashemi SJ, Amini A, Niknejad F (2016) Antifungal activity and aflatoxin degradation of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum against toxigenic Aspergillus Parasiticus. Open Microbiol J 10(1):197–201. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801610010197
Unnevehr L, Grace D (2013) Aflatoxins: finding solutions for improved food safety. Int Food Policy Res Inst 20:1–62
Jahanshiri Z, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Allameh A, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M (2015) Inhibitory effect of eugenol on aflatoxin B1 production in Aspergillus parasiticus by down regulating the expression of major genes in the toxin biosynthetic pathway. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 31(7):1071–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-015-1857-7
Price MS, Yu J, Nierman WC, Kim HS, Pritchard B, Jacobus CA, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Payne GA (2006) The aflatoxin pathway regulator AflR induces gene transcription inside and outside of the aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster. FEMS Microbiol Lett 255(2):275–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00084.x
Yu J, Chang P, Ehrlich KC, Cary JW, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE, Payne GA, Linz JE, Woloshuk CP, Bennett JW (2004) Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(3):1253–1262. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.3.1253-1262.2004
Sicuia OA, Roming FI, Ciobotariu O, Materi A, Zamfir M, Ciuc M, Cornea CP (2014) Antifungal action of lactic acid bacteria isolated from plant materials against mycotoxigenic fungi. Sci Bull Ser F Biotechnol 18:234–240
Jaimez Ordaz J, Fente CA, Vázquez BI, Franco CM, Cepeda A (2003) Development of a method for direct visual determination of aflatoxin production by colonies of the Aspergillus flavus group. Int J Food Microbiol 83(2):219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00362-8
Yazdani D, Zainal MA, Tan YH, Kamaruzaman S (2010) Evaluation of the detection techniques of toxigenic Aspergillus isolates. Afr J Biotechnol 9(45):7654–7659
Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH (2007) Compendium of soil fungi. 2nd Edition IHW-Verlag Eching pp. 1–672
Rushdy AA, Gomaa EZ (2013) Antimicrobial compounds produced by probiotic Lactobacillus brevis isolated from dairy products. Ann Microbiol 63(1):81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-012-0447-2
Daba H, Pandian S, Gosselin JF, Simard RE, Huang J, Lacroix C (1991) Detection and activity of bacteriocin produced by Leuconostoc mesenteriodes. Appl Environ Microbiol 57(12):3450–3455
Oliver JD (2005) The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. J Microbiol 43:93–100
Rajaram G, Manivasagan P, Thilagavathi B, Saravanakumar A (2010) Purification and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus lactis isolated from marine environment. Adv J Food Sci Technol 2:138–144
Rochelle PA, Will JAK, Fry JC, Jenkins GJS, Parkes RJ, Turley CM, Weightman AJ (1995) In: Trevors JT, van Elsas JD (eds) Nucleic acids in the environment. Springer, Berlin
Altschul SF, Thomas LM, Alejandro AS, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25(17):3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389
AOAC (1990) Official methods of analysis, 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, pp 252–483
Kim JG, Lee YW, Kim PG, Roh WS, Shintani H (2003) Reduction of aflatoxins by Korean soybean paste and its effect on cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity—part 3. Inhibitory effects of Korean soybean paste (doen-jang) on aflatoxin toxicity in laying hens and aflatoxin accumulation in their eggs. J Food Prot 66(5):866–873. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-66.5.866
Ponce AG, Moreira MR, del Valle CE, Roura SI (2008) Preliminary characterization of bacteriocin-like substances from lactic acid bacteria isolated from organic leafy vegetables. Food Sci Technol 41:432–441
Csomós E, Simon-Sarkadi L (2002) Determination of biologically active compounds in Hungarian wines. Period Polytech Ser Chem Eng 46:73–81
Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M, Luque MI, Martín A, Córdoba JJ (2012) Real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of aflatoxin-producing molds in foods. Food Microbiol 31(1):89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2012.02.009
Mayer Z, Bagnara A, Färber P, Geisen R (2003) Quantification of the copy number of nor-1, a gene of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway by real-time PCR, and its correlation to the CFU of Aspergillus flavus in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 82(2):143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00250-7
Yoshinari T, Akiyama T, Nakamura K, Kondo T, Takahashi Y, Muraoka Y, Nonomura Y, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S (2007) Dioctatin A is a strong inhibitor of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Microbiology 153(8):2774–2780. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2006/005629-0
Pfaffl MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 29:45–48
Kurtar ES (2012) Modelling the effect of temperature on seed germination in some cucurbits. Afr J Biotechnol 9:1343–1353
Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG (2017) Aflatoxins: a global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Front Microbiol 7:1–10
Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Rejinieman TS, Lee KD, Huxley VAJ, Kim DH, Duraipandiyan V, Karuppiah P, Choi KC (2015) Identification and characterization of Lactobacillus brevis p68 with antifungal, antioxidant and probiotic functional properties. Indian J Microbiol 55(1):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-014-0495-3
Asurmendi P, García MJ, Ruíz F, Dalcero A, Pascual L, Barberis L (2016) Biological control of AFB1-producing Aspergillus section Flavi strains isolated from brewer’s grains, alternative feed intended for swine production in Argentina. J Environ Sci Health B 51(7):477–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1159460
Gong HS, Meng XC, Wang H (2010) Plantaricin MG active against gram-negative bacteria produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS1.0391 isolated from “Jiaoke”, a traditional fermented cream from China. Food Control 21(1):89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.04.005
Peltonen K, El-Nezami H, Haskard C, Ahokas J, Salminen S (2001) Aflatoxin B1 binding by dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria an d bifidobacteria. J Dairy Sci 84(10):2152–2156. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74660-7
Haskard CA, El-Nezami HS, Kankaanpää PE, Salminen S, Ahokas JT (2001) Surface binding of aflatoxin B(1) by lactic acid bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(7):3086–3091. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.7.3086-3091.2001
Elsanhoty RM, Salam SA, Ramadan MF, Badr FH (2014) Detoxification of aflatoxin M1 in yoghurt using probiotics and lactic acid bacteria. Food Control 43:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.002
Champe PC, Harvey RA (2012) Biochemistry, 2nd edn. Lippincott, New York, Illustrated Reviews, pp 2–11
Oluwafemi F, Kumar M, Bandyopadhyay R, Ogunbanwo T, Kayode B (2010) Bio-detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in artificially contaminated maize grains using lactic acid bacteria. Toxin Rev 29(3–4):115–122. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569543.2010.512556
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their special thanks to Dr. Shafik Ibrahim, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gomaa, E.Z., Abdelall, M.F. & El-Mahdy, O.M. Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Antifungal Compounds from Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus paracasei, Isolated from Dairy Products. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. 10, 201–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-017-9350-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-017-9350-2