Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A cerebral blood flow evaluation during cognitive tasks following a cervical spinal cord injury: a case study using transcranial Doppler recordings

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Cognitive Neurodynamics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most common neurological disorders. In this paper, we examined the consequences of upper SCI in a male participant on the cerebral blood flow velocity. In particular, transcranial Doppler was used to study these effects through middle cerebral arteries (MCA) during resting-state periods and during cognitive challenges (non-verbal word-generation tasks and geometric-rotation tasks). Signal characteristics were analyzed from raw signals and envelope signals (maximum velocity) in the time domain, the frequency domain and the time–frequency domain. The frequency features highlighted an increase of the peak frequency in L-MCA and R-MCA raw signals, which revealed stronger cerebral blood flow during geometric/verbal processes respectively. This underlined a slight dominance of the right hemisphere during word-generation periods and a slight dominance of the left hemisphere during geometric processes. This finding was confirmed by cross-correlation in the time domain and by the entropy rate in information-theoretic domain. A comparison of our results to other neurological disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury) showed that the SCI had similar effects such as general decreased cerebral blood flow and similar regular hemispheric dominance in a few cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaslid A, Markwalder T, Nornes H (1982) Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg 57(6):769–774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abásolo D, Hornero R, Gómez C, García M, López M (2006) Analysis of EEG background activity in Alzeimer’s disease patients with Lempel–Ziv complexity and central tendency measure. Med Eng Phys 28(4):315–322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aboy M, Hornero R, Abásolo D, Álvarez D (2006) Interpretation of the Lempel–Ziv complexity measure in the context of biomedical signal analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 53(11):2282–2288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adcock J, Wise R, Oxbury J, Matthews P (2003) Quantitative fMRI assessment of the differences in lateralization of language-related brain activation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. NeuroImage 18(2):423–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S, Shahjahan M, Murase K (2011) A Lempel–Ziv complexity-based neural network pruning algorithm. Int J Neural Syst 21(5):427–441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandrov A, Sloan M, Wong L, Douville C, Razumovsky A, Koroshetz W, Kaps M, Tegeler C (2007) Practice standards for transcranial Doppler ultrasound: part I—test performance. J Neuroimaging 17(1):11–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen J, Coan J, Nazarian M (2004) Issues and assumptions on the road from raw signals to metrics of frontal EEG assymetry in emotion. Biol Psychol 67(1–2):183–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernd Ringelstein E, Droste D, Babikian V, Evans D, Grosset D, Kaps M, Markus H, Russell D, Siebler M (1998) Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. Stroke 29(3):725–729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop C, Powell S, Rutt D, Browse N (1986) Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study. Stroke 17(5):913–915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bode H (1992) Intracranial blood flow velocities during seizures and generalized epileptic discharges. Eur J Pediatr 151(9):706–709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brass L, Pavlakis S, DeVivo D (1988) Transcranial Doppler measurements of the middle cerebral artery. Effect of hematocrit. Stroke 19(12):1466–1469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridge P, Sawilowsky S (1999) Increasing physicians’ awareness of the impact of statistics on research outcomes: comparative power of the t test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test in small samples applied research. J Clin Epidemiol 52(3):229–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulla-Hellwig M, Vollmer J, Götzen A, Skreczek W, Hartje W (1996) Hemispheric asymmetry of arterial blood flow velocity changes during verbal and visuospatial tasks. Neuropsychologia 34(10):987–991

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burroni L, Orsi A, Monti L, Hayek Y, Rocchi R, Vattimo A (2008) Regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism: a SPET study with SPM evaluation. Nucl Med Commun 29(2):150–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catz A, Bluvshtein V, Korczyn A, Pinhas I, Gelernter I, Nissel T, Vered Y, Bornstein N, Akselrod S (2007) Modified cold pressor test by cold application to the foot after spinal cord injury: suggestion of hemodynamics control by the spinal cord. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 86(11):875–882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cirak B, Ziegfeld S, Misra Knight V, Chang D, Avellino A, Paidas C (2004) Spinal injuries in children. J Pediatr Surg 39(4):607–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claassen J, Diaz-Arrastia R, Martin-Cook K, Levine B, Zhang R (2009) Altered cerebral hemodynamics in early Alzheimer disease: a pilot study using transcranial Doppler. J Alzheimer’s Dis 17(3):621–629

    Google Scholar 

  • Compton J, Redmond S, Symon L (1987) Cerebral blood velocity in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a transcranial Doppler study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50(11):1499–1503

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa M, Stegagno L, Schandry R, Ricci Bitti P (1998) Contingent negative variation and cognitive performance in hypotension. Psychophysiology 35(6):737–744

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cupini L, Matteis M, Troisi E, Sabbadini M, Bernardi G, Caltagirone C, Silvestrini M (1996) Bilateral simultaneous transcranial Doppler monitoring of flow velocity changes during visuospatial and verbal working memory tasks. Brain 119(4):1249–1253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curt A, Bruehlmeier M, Leenders K, Roelcke U, Dietz V (2004) Differential effect of spinal cord injury and functional impairment on human brain activation. J Neurotrauma 19(1):43–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff G, Roth E, Thomas P, Doljanac R, Dijkers M, Berent S, Morris J, Yarkony G (1990) Depression and neuropsychological test performance in acute spinal cord injury patients: lack of correlation. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 5(1):77–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson G (1982) Cerebral lateralization in individuals diagnosed as autistic in early childhood. Brain Lang 15(2):353–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeCarlo L (1997) On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychol Methods 2(3):292–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deppe M, Knecht S, Henningsen H, Ringelstein E (1997) Average: a Windows® program for automated analysis of event related cerebral blood flow. J Neurosci Methods 75(2):147–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deppe M, Ringelstein E, Knecht S (2004) The investigation of functional brain lateralization by transcranial Doppler sonography. Neuroimage 21(3):1124–1146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DePuy V, Berger V, Zhou Y (2005) Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Derejko M, Slawek J, Wieczorek D, Brockhuis B, Dubaniewicz M, Lass P (2006) Regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson’s disease as an indicator of cognitive impairment. Nucl Med Commun 27(12):945–951

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl B, Diehl R, Stodieck S, Bernd Ringelstein E (1997) Spontaneous oscillations in cerebral blood flow velocities in middle cerebral arteries in control subjects and patients with epilepsy. Stroke 28(12):2457–2459

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowler R, O’Brien S, Haaland K, Harrington D, Feel F, Fiedler K (1995) Neuropsychological functioning following a spinal cord injury. Appl Neuropsychol 2(3/4):124–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Droste D, Harders A, Rastogi E (1989a) A transcranial Doppler study of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries performed at rest and during mental activities. Stroke 20(8):1005–1011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Droste D, Harders A, Rastogi E (1989b) Two Transcranial Doppler studies on blood flow velocity in both middle cerebral arteries during rest and the performance of cognitive tasks. Neuropsychologia 27(10):1221–1230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duschek S, Schandry R (2004) Cognitive performance and cerebral blood flow in essential hypotension. Psychophysiology 41(6):905–913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duschek S, Weisz N, Schandry R (2003) Reduced cognitive performance and prolonged reaction time accompany moderate hypotension. Clin Auton Res 13(6):427–432

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escalante-Mead P, Minshew N, Sweeney J (2003) Abnormal brain lateralization in high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 33(5):539–543

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Everts R, Harvey A, Lillywhite L, Wrennall J, Abbott D, Gonzalez L, Kean M, Jackson G, Anderson V (2010) Language lateralization correlates with verbal memory performance in children with focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 51(4):627–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher R, Van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J (2005) Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 46(4):470–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox P, Raichle M (1986) Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83(4):1140–1144

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao J, Hu J, wen Tung W (2011) Complexity measures of brain wave dynamics. Cogn Neurodyn 5(2):171–182

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George M, Costa D, Kouris K, Ring H, Ell P (1992) Cerebral blood flow abnormalities in adults with infantile autism. J Nerv Ment Dis 180(7):413–417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghajar J (2000) Traumatic brain injury. Lancet 356(9233):923–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giller C, Bowman G, Dyer H, Mootz L, Krippner W (1993) Cerebral arterial diameters during changes in blood pressure and carbon dioxide during craniotomy. Neurosurgery 32(5):737–742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez F, Chang J, Banovac K, Messina D, Martinez-Arizala A, Kelley R (1991) Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in patients with orthostatic hypotension after spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 29:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han C-X, Wang J, Yi G-S, Che Y-Q (2013) Investigation of EEG abnormalities in the early stage of Parkinson’s disease. Cogn Neurodyn 7(4):351–359

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartje W, Ringelstein E, Kistinger B, Fabianek D, Willmes K (1994) Transcranial Doppler ultrasonic assessment of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity changes during verbal and visuospatial cognitive tasks. Neuropsychologia 32(12):1443–1452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayman G, Govindarajulu Z, Leone F, Kim P, Jennrich R (1970) Selected tables in mathematical statistics. American Mathematical Society, Providence

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton M (1997) Wavelet and wavelet packet compression of electrocardiograms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 44(5):394–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirtz D, Thurman D, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri A, Zalutsky R (2007) How common are the “common” neurologic disorders? Neurology 68(5):326–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosking J (1990) L-moments: analysis and estimation of distributions using linear combinations of order statistics. J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol) 52(1):105–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Houtman S, Serrador J, Colier W, Strijbos D, Shoemaker K, Hopman M (2001) Changes in cerebral oxygenation and blood flow during LBNP in spinal cord-injured individuals. J Appl Physiol 91(5):2199–2204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu J, Gao J, Principe J (2006) Analysis of biomedical signals by the Lempel–Ziv complexity: the effect of finite data size. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 53(12):2606–2609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joo E, Tae W, Hong S (2008) Cerebral blood flow abnormality in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. J Neurol 255(4):520–525

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley R, Chang J, Scheinman N, Levin B, Duncan R, Lee S (1992) Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral flow velocity during cognitive tasks. Stroke 23(1):9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knake S, Haag A, Hamer H, Dittmer C, Bien S, Oertel W, Rosenow F (2003) Language lateralization in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison of functional transcranial Doppler sonography and the Wada test. NeuroImage 19(3):1228–1232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knecht S, Deppe M, Ebner A, Henningsen H, Huber T, Jokeit H, Ringelstein E (1998) Noninvasive determination of language lateralization by functional transcranial Doppler sonography. Stroke 29(1):82–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krassioukov A (2009) Autonomic function following cervical spinal injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 169(2):157–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krejza J, Mariak Z, Walecki J, Szydlik P, Lewko J, Ustymowicz A (1999) Transcranial color Doppler sonography of basal cerebral arteries in 182 healthy subjects: age and sex variability and normal reference values for blood flow parameters. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 172(1):213–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen F, Olsen K, Hansen B, Paulson O, Knudsen G (1994) Transcranial Doppler is valid for determination of the lower limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation. Stroke 25(10):1985–1988

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J, Sejdić E, Steele C, Chau T (2010) Effects of liquid stimuli on dual-axis swallowing accelerometer signals in a healthy population. Biomed Eng Online 9(1):7

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lempel A, Ziv J (1976) On the complexity of finite sequences. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 22(1):75–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Huang H, Boninger M, Sejdić E (2014) An analysis of cerebral blood flow from middle cerebral arteries during cognitive tasks via functional transcranial Doppler recordings. Neurosci Res 84:19–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindegaard K, Lundar T, Wiberg J, Sjøberg D, Aaslid R, Nornes H (1987) Variations in middle cerebral artery blood flow investigated with noninvasive transcranial blood velocity measurements. Stroke 18(6):1025–1030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markwalder T, Grolimund P, Seiler R, Roth F, Aaslid R (1984) Dependency of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery on end-tidal carbon dioxide partial-pressure. a transcranial ultrasound Doppler study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4(3):368–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmarou A, Anderson R, Ward J, Choi S, Young H, Eisenberg H, Foulkes M, Marshall L, Jane J (1991) Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma. J Neurosurg 75(1s):S59–S66

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris J, Roth E, Davidoff G (1986) Mild closed head injury and cognitive deficits in spinal-cord-injured patients: incidence and impact. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1(2):31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris M, Scherr P, Hebert L, Bennett D, Wilson R, Glynn R, Evans D (2002) Association between blood pressure and cognitive function in a biracial community population of older persons. Neuroepidemiology 21(3):123–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nanda R, Wyper D, Harper A, Johnson R (1974) Cerebral blood flow in paraplegia. Paraplegia 12:212–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishida H, Takahashi M, Lauwereyns J (2014) Within-session dynamics of theta–gamma coupling and high-frequency oscillations during spatial alternation in rat hippocampal area CA1. Cogn Neurodyn 7(5):363–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oja H (1990) Descriptive statitics for multivariate distributions. Stat Probab Lett 1(6):327–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papoulis A (1991) Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes. WCB/McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips A, Ainslie P, Krassioukov A, Warburton D (2013) Regulation of cerebral blood flow after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 30:1551–1563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus S, Gladstone I, Ehrenkranz R (1991) A regularity statistic fore medical data analysis. J Clin Monit 7(4):335–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porta A, Baselli G, Liberati D, Montano N, Cogliati C, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Malliani A, Cerutti S (1998) Measuring regularity by means of a corrected conditional entropy in sympathetic outflow. Biol Cybern 78(1):71–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porta A, Guzzetti S, Montano N, Pagani M, Somers V, Malliani A, Baselli G, Cerutti S (2000) Information domain analysis of cardiovascular variability signals: evaluation of regularity, synchronisation and co-ordination. Med Biol Eng Comput 38(2):180–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porta A, Guzzetti S, Montano N, Furlan R, Pagani M, Somers V (2011) Entropy, entropy rate, and pattern classification as tools to typify complexity in short heart period variability series. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 48(11):1282–1291

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen T, Milner B (1977) The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Ann NY Acad Sci 299:355–369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid J, Spencer M (1972) Ultrasonic Doppler technique for imaging blood vessels. Science 176(4040):1235–1236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rombouts S, Goekoop R, Stam C, Barkhof F, Scheltens P (2005) Delayed rather than decreased BOLD response as a marker for early Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroImage 26(4):1078–1085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosso O, Blanco S, Yordanova J, Kolev V, Figliola A, Schrmann M, Basar E (2001) Wavelet entropy: a new tool for analysis of short duration brain electrical signals. J Neurosci Methods 105(1):65–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowsky C, Volshteyn O, Schultz L, McDonald J (2002) Spinal-cord injury. Disabil Rehabil 24(13):680–687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt P, Krings T, Willmes K, Roessler F, Reul J, Thron A (1999) Determination of cognitive hemispheric lateralization by “functional” Transcranial Doppler cross-validated by functional MRI. Stroke 30(5):939–945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider P, Rossman M, Bernstein E, Torem S, Ringelstein E, Otis S (1988) Effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on intracranial hemodynamics. Transcranial Doppler evaluation and clinical correlation. Stroke 19(5):589–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott J, Warburton D, Williams D, Whelan S, Krassioukov A (2011) Challenges, concerns and common problems: physiological consequences of spinal cord injury and microgravity. Spinal Cord 49(1):4–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott Burgin W, Malkoff M, Felberg R, Demchuk A, Christou I, Grotta J, Alexandrov A (2000) Transcranial Doppler ultrasound criteria for recanalization after thrombolysis for middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 31(5):1128–1132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sejdić E, Djurović I, Jiang J (2009) Time-frequency feature representation using energy concentration: an overview of recent advances. Digit Signal Proc 19(1):153–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sejdić E, Kalika D, Czarnek N (2013) An analysis of resting-state functional transcranial Doppler recordings from middle cerebral arteries. PLoS One 8(2):e55405-1–e55405-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shih W, Ashford J, Coupal J, Ryo Y, Stipp V, Magoun S, Gross K (1999) Consecutive brain SPECT surface three-dimensional displays show progression of cerebral cortical abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Nucl Med 24(10):773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestrini M, Pasqualetti P, Baruffaldi R, Bartolini M, Handouk Y, Matteis M, Moffa F, Provinciali L, Vernieri F (2006) Cerebrovascular reactivity ad cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease. Stroke 37(4):1010–1015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soustiel J, Glenn T, Shik V, Boscardin J, Mahamid E, Zaaroor M (2005) Monitoring of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 22(9):955–965

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Standring S (2008) Gray’s Anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Churchill Livingstone, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Szirmai I, Amrein I, Pálvölgyi L, Debreczeni R, Kamondi A (2010) Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 112(2):37–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana H, Kawabata K, Tomino Y, Sugita M, Fukuchi M (1993) Brain perfusion imaging in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease demonstrated by three-dimensional surface display with \(^{123}\)I-Iodoamphetamine. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 4(6):334–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiao G, Box G (1981) Modeling multiple time series with applications. J Am Stat Assoc 76(376):802–816

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzeng Y, Lucas S, Atkinson G, Willie C, Ainslie P (2010) Fundamental relationships between arterial baroflex sensitivity and dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. J Appl Physiol 108(5):1162–1168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vergara L, Gosalbéz J, Fuente J, Miralles R, Bosch I (2004) Measurement of cement porosity by centroid frequency profiles of ultrasonic grain noise. Biomed Eng Online 84(12):2315–2324

    Google Scholar 

  • Vingerhoets G, Stroobant N (1999) Lateralization of cerebral blood flow velocity changes during cognitive task: a simultaneous bilateral transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 30(10):2152–2158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wecht J, Rosado-Rivera D, Jegede A, Cirnigliaro C, Jensen M, Kirshblum S, Bauman W (2012) Systemic and cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive testing. Clin Auton Res 22(1):25–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White H, Venkatesh B (2006) Applications of transcranial Doppler in the ICU: a review. Intensive Care Med 32(7):981–994

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse A, Bishop D (2008) Cerebral dominance for language function in adults with specific language impairment or autism. Brain 131(12):3193–3200

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong K, Li H, Chan Y, Ahuja A, Lam W, Wong A, Kay R (2000) Use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound to predict outcome in patients with intracranial large-artery occlusive disease. Stroke 31(11):2641–2647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanette E, Fieschi C, Bozzao L, Roberti C, Toni D, Argentino C, Lenzi G (1989) Comparison of cerebral angiography and transcranial Doppler sonography in acute stroke. Stroke 20(7):899–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoubir A, Boashash B (1998) The bootstrap and its application in signal processing. IEEE Signal Process Mag 15(1):56–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Héloïse Bleton & Ervin Sejdić

Authors
  1. Héloïse Bleton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ervin Sejdić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ervin Sejdić.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bleton, H., Sejdić, E. A cerebral blood flow evaluation during cognitive tasks following a cervical spinal cord injury: a case study using transcranial Doppler recordings. Cogn Neurodyn 9, 615–626 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-015-9355-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-015-9355-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation