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Distinguishing lower and upper crustal processes in magmas erupted during the buildup to the 7.7 ka climactic eruption of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon, using 238U–230Th disequilibria

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Abstract

Uranium-series isotope ratios determined for 35 volcanic rocks and 4 glass separates erupted from ~36 to 4.8 ka at Mt. Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon, identify both 230Th-excess and 238U-excess components. U–Th isotope compositions cover a wide range, exceeding those previously measured for the Cascade arc. Age-corrected (230Th/232Th) and (238U/232Th) activity ratios range from 1.113 to 1.464 and from 0.878 to 1.572 (44.4 % 230Th-excess to 8.8 % 238U-excess), respectively. The most distinctive aspect of the data set is the contrast in U–Th isotope ratios between low and high Sr (LSr, HSr) components that have been previously identified in products of the 7.7 ka caldera-forming climactic eruption and preclimactic rhyodacite lavas. The LSr component exclusively contains 238U-excess, but the HSr component, as well as more primitive lavas, are marked by 230Th-excess. 230Th-excesses such as those recorded at Mt. Mazama are commonly observed in the Cascades. Melting models suggest that high 230Th-excesses observed in the more primitive lavas evolved through mixing of a mantle melt with a partial melt of a mafic lower crustal composition that contained garnet in the residuum that was produced through dehydration melting of amphibolite that was initially garnet free. Dehydration melting in the lower crust offers a solution to the “hot-slab paradox” of the Cascades, where low volatile contents are predicted due to high slab temperatures, yet higher water contents than expected have been documented in erupted lavas. The 238U-excess observed at Mt. Mazama is rare in Cascade lavas, but occurs in more than half of the samples analyzed in this study. Traditionally, 238U-excess in arc magmas is interpreted to reflect slab fluid fluxing. Indeed, 238U-excess in arcs is common and likely masks 230Th-excess resulting from lower crustal interaction. Isotopic and trace element data, however, suggest a relatively minor role for slab fluid fluxing in the Cascades. We propose that 238U-excess reflects melting and assimilation of young, hydrothermally altered upper crust. The processes related to generating 238U-excess are likely important features at Mt. Mazama that accompanied development of a large-scale silicic magma chamber that led to the caldera-forming eruption.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Kate Smith for her assistance in the field and for her help with obtaining the Th isotope analyses. We also thank Heather Wright for help with fieldwork and discussions related to this project. Comments on a draft manuscript by Steve Shirey and Naomi Matthews, and Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology reviews by Georg Zellmer and an anonymous reviewer, as well as additional comments by Jon Blundy, helped us to improve the quality and clarity of this manuscript. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. 1144937, as well as the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-0718123, the Jack Kleinman Grants for Volcano Research program, and a Weeks Research Assistantship and alumni gift funds from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Geoscience.

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  1. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Meagan E. Ankney, Clark M. Johnson, Brian L. Beard & Brian R. Jicha

  2. Volcano Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

    Charles R. Bacon

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  1. Meagan E. Ankney
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  2. Clark M. Johnson
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Correspondence to Meagan E. Ankney.

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Communicated by M.W. Schmid.

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Ankney, M.E., Johnson, C.M., Bacon, C.R. et al. Distinguishing lower and upper crustal processes in magmas erupted during the buildup to the 7.7 ka climactic eruption of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon, using 238U–230Th disequilibria. Contrib Mineral Petrol 166, 563–585 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0891-4

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