Abstract
Purpose
Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is used as a neuroendocrine probe in human subjects to assess serotonin function as reflected in prolactin and plasma cortisol release. Citalopram is a racemic mixture of equal proportions of the S(+) and R(−) enantiomers. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake and, consequently, antidepressant activity is associated, almost exclusively, with the S(+) enantiomer (“escitalopram”). Studies in animal models indicate that the presence of the R(−) isomer may interfere with the serotonin reuptake activity of escitalopram. The current study compared the neuroendocrine effects of citalopram and escitalopram in healthy human volunteers.
Methods
Plasma cortisol and prolactin levels following a single oral dose of citalopram (40 mg) or escitalopram (20 mg) were compared in samples taken every 15–30 min over a period of 240 min. Plasma citalopram concentration was determined at the same intervals.
Results
Escitalopram and citalopram caused equivalent increases in plasma cortisol and prolactin. The administration of dexamethasone prior to the escitalopram challenge blocked the evoked increase in cortisol.
Conclusion
This is the first study to prove that a single dose of escitalopram acts centrally and not peripherally, providing further support of the use of oral escitalopram as a probe for brain serotonergic function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Attenburrow MJ, Mitter PR, Whale R, Terao T, Cowen PJ (2001) Low-dose citalopram as a 5-HT neuroendocrine probe. Psychopharmacology 155:323–326
Bárbara A, Aceves J, Arias-Montaño JA (2002) Histamine H1 receptors in rat dorsal raphe nucleus: pharmacological characterisation and linking to increased neuronal activity. Brain Res 954:247–255
Bhagwager Z, Hafizi S, Cowen PJ (2002) Acute citalopram administration produces correlated increases in plasma and salivary cortisol. Psychopharmacology 163:118–120
Brøsen K, Naranjo CA (2001) Review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic interaction studies with citalopram. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11:275–283
Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A (2002) Fixed-dose trial of the single isomer SSRI escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 63:331–336
Chen F, Larsen MB, Sánchez C, Wiborg O (2005) The S-enantiomer of R, S-citalopram, increases inhibitor binding to the human serotonin transporter by an allosteric mechanism. Comparison with other serotonin transporter inhibitors. Eur Nueropsychopharmacol 15:193–198
Cole MA, Kim PJ, Kalman BA, Spencer RL (2000) Dexamethasone suppression of corticosteriod secretion: evaluation of the site of action by receptor measures and functional studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25:151–167
Cowen PJ (1998) Neuroendocrine challenge tests: what can we learn from them? In: Van de Kar LD (ed) Methods in neuroedocrinology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 205–223
Fish EW, Faccidomo S, Gupta S, Miczek KA (2004) Anxiolytic-like effects of escitalopram, citalopram, and R-citalopram in maternally separated mouse pups. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308:474–480
Flory JD, Manuck SB, Perel JM, Muldoon MF (2004) A comparison of d, l-fenfluramine and citalopram challenges in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 174:376–380
Fuller RW (1992) The involvement of serotonin in regulation of pituitary–adrenocortical function. Front Neuroendocrinol 13:250–270
Gilmore JH, Ruegg RG, Ekstrom RD, Knight B, Carson SW, Mason GA, Golden RN (1993) Altered prolactin response to clomipramine rechallenge in healthy subjects. Biol Psychiatry 34:885–888
Golden RN, Gilmore JH, Carson SW (1991) Antidepressant challenge tests: the interface of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Psychopharmacol Bull 27:611–617
Hawken ER, Owen JA, Van Vugt D, Delva NJ (2006) Effects of oral citalopram on neuroendocrine responses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30:694–700
Henning J, Netter P (2002) Oral application of citalopram (20 mg) and its usefulness for neuroendocrine challenge tests. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5:67–71
Hogg S, Sánchez C (1999) The antidepressant effects of citalopram are mediated by the S-(+)- and not the R-(−)- enantiomer. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 9:S213
Hytell J, Bøgesø KP, Perregaard J, Sánchez C (1992) The pharmacological effect of citalopram resides in the (S)-(+)-enantiomer. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 88:157–160
Ida Y, Tsujimaru S, Nakamura K et al (1992) Effects of acute and repeated alcohol ingestion on hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal functioning in normal males. Drug Alcohol Depend 31:57–64
Jørgensen H, Knigge U, Kjaer A, Warberg J (1996) Interactions of histaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the hypothalamic regulation of prolactin and ACTH secretion. Neuroendocrinology 64:329–336
Kapitany T, Schindl M, Schindler SD et al (1999) The citalopram challenge test in patients with major depression and in healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 88:75–88
Kennedy SH, Andersen HF, Thase ME (2009) Escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 25:161–175
Kjær A, Larsen PJ, Knigge U, Jørgensen H, Warberg J (1998) Neuronal histamine and expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus: relative importance of H1 and H2 receptors. Eur J Endocrinol 139:238–243
Knigge U, Dejgaard A, Wollesen F, Thuesen B, Christiansen PM (1982) Histamine regulation of prolactin secretion through H1- and H2-receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:118–122
Knigge U, Thuesen B, Christiansen PM (1986) Histaminergic regulation of prolactin secretion: dose response relationship and possible involvement of the dopaminergic system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:491–496
Lefebvre H, Contesse V, Delarue C et al (1992) Serotonin-induced stimulation of cortisol secretion from human adrenocortical tissue is mediated through activation of a serotonin4 receptor subtype. Neuroscience 47:999–1007
Lefebvre H, Contesse V, Delarue C et al (1998) Serotonergic regulation of adrenocortical function. Horm Metab Res 30:398–403
Lepola U, Wade A, Andersen HF (2004) Do equivalent doses of escitalopram and citalopram have similar efficacy? A pooled analysis of two positive placebo-controlled studies in major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19:149–155
Lingjaerde O, Ahlfors UG, Bech P, Dencker SJ, Elgen K (1987) The UKU Side Effect Rating Scale: a new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic-treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 334:1–100
Linkowski P, Kerkhofs M, Van Onderbergen A et al (1994) The 24-hour profiles of cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone secretion in mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:616–624
Lovallo WR, Al’Absi M, Blick K, Whitsett TL, Wilson MF (1996) Stress-like adrenocorticotropin responses to caffeine in young healthy men. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55:365–369
Maes M, Meltzer HY (1995) The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds) Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress. Raven, New York, pp 933–944
Mansari ME, Wiborg O, Mnie-Filali O, Benturquia N, Sánchez C, Haddjeri N (2007) Allosteric modulation of the effect of escitalopram, paroxetine and fluoxetine: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10:31–40
Moeller O, Hetzel G, Rothermundt M et al (2003) Oral citalopram and reboxetine challenge tests before and after selective antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatr Res 37:261–262
Montgomery SA, Möller HT (2009) Is the significant superiority of escitalopram compared with other antidepressants clinically relevant? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 24:111–118
Montgomery SA, Loft H, Sánchez C, Reines EH, Papp M (2001) Escitalopram (S-enantiomer of citalopram): clinical efficacy and onset of action predicted from a rat model. Pharmacol Toxicol 88:282–286
Nadeem HS, Attenburrow MJ, Cowen PJ (2004) Comparison of the effects of citalopram and escitalopram on 5-HT-mediated neuroendocrine responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1699–1703
Nicholas L, Dawkins K, Golden RN (1998) Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression: prolactin. Psychiatr Clin North Am 21:341–358
Owens MJ, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB (2001) Second-generation SSRIs: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 50:345–350
Power AC, Cowen PJ (1992) Neuroendocrine challenge tests: assessment of 5-HT function in anxiety and depression. Mol Aspects Med 13:205–220
Raap DK, Van de Kar LD (1999) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and neuroendocrine function. Life Sci 65:1217–1235
Sánchez C (2003) R-citalopram attenuates anxiolytic effects of escitalopram in a rat ultrasonic vocalization model. Eur J Pharmacol 464:155–158
Sánchez C, Bergqvist PBF, Brennum LT, Gupta S, Hogg S, Larsen A, Wiborg O (2003a) Escitalopram, the S-(+)-enantiomer of citalopram, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with potent effects in animal models predictive of antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Psychopharmacology 167:353–362
Sánchez C, Gruca P, Papp M (2003b) R-citalopram counteracts the antidepressant-like effect of escitalopram in a rat chronic mild stress model. Behav Pharmacol 14:465–470
Sánchez C, Gruca P, Bien E, Papp M (2003c) R-citalopram counteracts the effects of escitalopram in a rat conditioned fear stress model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75:903–907
Seifritz E, Baumann P, Müller MJ et al (1996) Neuroendocrine effects of a 20-mg citalopram infusion in healthy males. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:253–263
Seifritz E, Müller MJ, Annen O et al (1997) Effect of sleep deprivation on neuroendocrine response to a serotonergic probe in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res 31:543–554
Sheehan D, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan H, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Herqueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(suppl 20):22–57
Sidhu J, Prinkorn M, Poulsen M et al (1997) Steady-state pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of citalopram and its metabolites in humans. Chirality 9:686–692
Sobczak S, Honig A, van Duinen MA, Riedel WJ (2002) Serotonergic dysregulation in bipolar disorders: a literature review of serotonergic challenge studies. Bipolar Disord 4:347–365
Søgaard B, Mengel H, Rao N, Larsen F (2005) The pharmacokinetics of escitalopram after oral and intravenous administration of single and multiple doses to healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 45:1400–1406
Son LZ, Yanai K, Mobarakeh JI, Kuramasu A, Li ZY, Sakurai E, Hashimoto Y, Watanabe T, Watanabe T (2001) Histamine H1 receptor-mediated inhibition of potassium-evoked release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from mouse forebrains. Behav Brain Res 124:113–120
Stórustovu S, Sánchez C, Pörzgen P, Brennum LT, Larsen AK, Pulis M, Ebert B (2004) R-citalopram functionally antagonizes escitalopram in vivo and in vitro: evidence for kinetic interaction at the serotonin transporter. Br J Pharmacol 142:172–180
Tsujimoto S, Kamei C, Yoshida T, Tasaka K (1993) Changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels induced by intracerebroventricular injection of histamine and its related compounds in dogs. Pharmacology 47:73–83
Tuomisto J, Mannisto P (1985) Neurotransmitter regulation of anterior pituitary hormones. Pharmacol Rev 37(3):249–332
Van Cauter E, Refetoff S (1985) Multifactorial control of the 24-hour secretory profiles of pituitary hormones. J Endocrinol Invest 8:381–391
Yatham LN, Steiner M (1993) Neuroendocrine probes of serotonergic function: a critical review. Life Sci 53:447–463
Zheng Z, Jamour M, Klotz U (2000) Stereoselective HPLC-assay for citalopram and its metabolites. Ther Drug Monit 22:219–224
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Diana Hall, Registered Technologist, for performing the hormone assays. We are also grateful to Lundbeck Canada, Inc., for providing an unrestricted grant in support of this study. Lundbeck Canada, Inc., was, however, not responsible for creation of the study protocol, acquisition of the data, including the hormonal and citalopram assays, the data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the manuscript, which were solely performed by the authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hawken, E.R., Owen, J.A., Hudson, R.W. et al. Specific effects of escitalopram on neuroendocrine response. Psychopharmacology 207, 27–34 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1633-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1633-1