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Patterns of Microorganisms Inhabiting Antarctic Freshwater Lakes with Special Reference to Aquatic Moss Pillars

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The Ecological Role of Micro-organisms in the Antarctic Environment

Part of the book series: Springer Polar Sciences ((SPPS))

Abstract

The Antarctic continent has ice-free areas with many freshwater lakes that support life. These lakes are generally ultra-oligotrophic and possess simplified food chains dominated by microorganisms with algal and cyanobacterial mats often occurring in the lake bottoms. In association with such mats, aquatic mosses sometimes form unique towerlike structures called “moss pillars.” Previous microflora analysis revealed the presence of several key groups (e.g., Leptolyngbya and Bradyrhizobium species) and uncultivated novel lineages in the pillars and the fact that the bacterial communities differ among the pillar sections. A wide range of eukaryotic phylotypes associated with algae, ciliates, fungi, nematodes, rotifers, and tardigrades, as well as unclassified phylotypes, were detected in the pillars. Moss pillars colonizing the nutrient-limited lakes are likely formed by a synergistic association of diverse organisms including both primary producers and decomposers. Indeed, a potential functional zonation, possibly reflected by different redox conditions within the pillar structure, was identified during the analyses of functional genes (e.g., CO2 fixation-coding genes). Interestingly, multiple sequences related to moss pillar-derived sequences were also observed in other Antarctic habitats. These findings provide clues toward solving a conundrum pertaining to Antarctic lake ecosystems: biomass-rich communities existing in the nutrient-poor conditions.

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Acknowledgment

Photo in Fig. 2.1 was taken during the 56th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-56). We thank Drs. Y. Takahashi and M. Yoshida for providing unpublished data for Fig. 2.5 and Dr. M. Tsujimoto for providing the micrograph for Fig. 2.6. The work on novel labyrinthulomycete lineages in the moss pillars was supported by the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant (no. 29-726) from The Japan Science Society.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan

    Ryosuke Nakai

  2. National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

    Satoshi Imura

  3. Department of Polar Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

    Satoshi Imura

  4. Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan

    Takeshi Naganuma

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  1. Ryosuke Nakai
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  2. Satoshi Imura
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  3. Takeshi Naganuma
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Correspondence to Ryosuke Nakai .

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  1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Susana Castro-Sowinski

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Nakai, R., Imura, S., Naganuma, T. (2019). Patterns of Microorganisms Inhabiting Antarctic Freshwater Lakes with Special Reference to Aquatic Moss Pillars. In: Castro-Sowinski, S. (eds) The Ecological Role of Micro-organisms in the Antarctic Environment. Springer Polar Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02786-5_2

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