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Dead or Living Biomass Performance for the Removal of Dyes

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Advanced Removal Techniques for Dye-containing Wastewaters

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Abstract

The presence of a vital resource such as water distinguishes our Earth from other planets. Out of the total amount of water present on the earth’s surface, only about 3% accounts for the freshwater which is fit for drinking. Setting aside the two-thirds of this freshwater that remains frozen in ice-caps and glaciers, only about 1% remain available for human use, making it the most precious natural resource. Water, being a universal solvent, can easily dissolve more substances when compared to any other liquid on earth, hence, making it vulnerable to contamination by various aquatic pollutants. Among these pollutants, the presence of dyes in water channels has become a growing concern among environmental scientist. Dyes, known to be in use since 3500 BC, are colored substances that are capable of chemically binding to the substrate to which it is being applied. A number of industries such as textile, cosmetic, plastic, and paper-making industries use different types of dyes in their processes. Colored effluents discharged by these industries into the water bodies gives rise to both direct and indirect consequences to aquatic habitat. The former includes attenuation of the oxygen levels dissolved in water, exhaustion of re-oxygenation capacity, percolation of dyestuff into groundwater from the soil, decreased penetration of light into water which impedes photosynthesis, and esthetic issue of water downstream. The latter includes death of aquatic creatures, micro toxicity and genotoxicity caused due to colored allergens, allergic responses, mental disorders in kids like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), bladder cancer in humans, water eutrophication, etc. Although various physical and chemical methods are available for treatment of dye effluents, they are either expensive or ineffective. In the recent times, adsorption has been proved to be a reliable, simple, relatively cheap, and effective technique. Biosorption-based process that take advantage of the sorption capacity of various biomaterials (dead or living) or their derivatives for removing substances from solutions, presents an eco-friendly and economical replacement to common adsorbent materials like activated carbon that are often expensive. Its operation is quite analogous to conventional ion-exchange technique. Microorganisms uptake dyes actively via bioaccumulation in which energy is driven from living organisms or passively through biosorption which does not utilize energy. The dyes are adsorbed onto the cellular structure using ligands or functional groups present on the cell surface. A prime factor to be taken into consideration while selecting a biomass is its availability. A readily available biomass that is found in nature or is a waste material helps effectively in bringing down the cost. A broad spectrum of microbial biomass including bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, chitin, and plant and animal materials have proved to be highly efficient cost-effective biosorbents. Agricultural solid wastes have also been effectively used for the elimination of dyes from aqueous solution. The performance of a biosorbent can be further optimized by physical and chemical modification of the biosorbent leading to the activation or deactivation of surface functional groups. An approach which incorporates both aerobic and anaerobic process (rather than either one of them) into a single system has effectively helped in the elimination of azo dyes. This chapter aims to throw an insight on how various dead and living biomass can help in the removal of dyes which pose serious threats to aquatic as well as human lives. Also, in the due course, the reader comes across the influence of various factors on the process of biosorption. On comparison with live biomass, it is noted that dead, dried, pretreated biomass offer an attractive biosorbent for removing dyes from colored effluents.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 119, India

    Anjali Prasad, D. Venkatesan & J. Aravind Kumar

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  1. Anjali Prasad
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  2. D. Venkatesan
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  3. J. Aravind Kumar
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  1. Head of Sustainability, SgT and API, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

  2. Islamic Azad University of Shahre Rey Branch, Teheran, Iran

    Ali Khadir

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Prasad, A., Venkatesan, D., Kumar, J.A. (2021). Dead or Living Biomass Performance for the Removal of Dyes. In: Muthu, S.S., Khadir, A. (eds) Advanced Removal Techniques for Dye-containing Wastewaters. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3164-1_10

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