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On the Origin and Implications of Circadian Timekeeping: An Evolutionary Perspective

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Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms and Behaviour

Abstract

The ubiquity of circadian rhythms (driven by underlying circadian clocks) in various behavioural and physiological processes across a variety of life forms supports the hypothesis that such rhythms are probably adaptive. This is further substantiated by studies demonstrating that dysfunctional circadian clocks are associated with multiple aberrant physiological processes. However, owing to the complex interplay of life-history traits that collectively mediate realised fitness of organisms, rigorously testing whether circadian clocks are indeed adaptations turns out to be quite challenging. Here, we review our current state of knowledge on the adaptive benefits of circadian clocks, and discuss the pros and cons of various studies, followed by a brief discussion on our recommendations for how improved experimental designs can be employed in future.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank A Lakshman and TV Venkateswaran for their valuable help with the preparation of the manuscript. This work was supported by funds from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.

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  1. Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, KA, India

    K. L. Nikhil & Vijay Kumar Sharma

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  1. K. L. Nikhil
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  2. Vijay Kumar Sharma
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Correspondence to K. L. Nikhil .

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  1. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

    Vinod Kumar

Glossary

Adaptation

The process by which organisms evolve traits that confer higher fitness in the organisms’ habitat. Alternatively, the trait that confers higher fitness to organisms in a given environment is termed an adaptation.

Circadian clocks

Biological timekeeping mechanisms that drive circadian rhythms.

Circadian rhythms (Latin circa = about/approximately; diēs = day)

Biological rhythms in behaviour and physiology expressed with a period of ~24 h under constant conditions (absence of external time cues/zeitgebers).

Clines

Gradual phenotypic variation across a geographical area as a consequence of variation in geophysical features such as latitudes (latitudinal clines) or altitudes (altitudinal clines).

Directional selection

Selection for a phenotype that constitutes the extremes of the phenotype distribution in the population.

Effective population size

The size of an ideal population that would undergo an equal amount of genetic drift as that of a nonideal population of size N is defined as the effective population size (N e ).

Entrainment

Entrainment refers to the process of synchronisation of circadian rhythms to external time cues (zeitgeber) such that (a) the period of the entrained rhythm match that of the zeitgeber, (b) the rhythms attain a stable and reproducible phase relationship with the zeitgeber (also known as phase of entrainment) and (c) upon removal of the zeitgeber, the free-running rhythm initiates from the phase of entrainment established with the prior zeitgeber.

Fitness

Fitness is the measure of an organism’s or a population’s ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

Free-running period (τ)

The period of the circadian rhythms exhibited under constant conditions.

Inbreeding

Mating among individuals with high genetic relatedness leading to increased homozygosity, isogeny and random fixation of deleterious alleles over generations.

Linkage disequilibrium

Also known as gametic phase disequilibrium, this is the occurrence in members of a population a particular combination of linked alleles in non-random proportions.

Phase response curve (PRC)

A PRC maps the magnitude of response (measured as phase shifts) to zeitgebers at different phases of the circadian cycle and, therefore, is a measure of the circadian clocks’ zeitgeber sensitivity.

T-cycle

Zeitgeber cycles of periodicity T. For instance, T24 indicates a 24-h zeitgeber cycle with the durations of light/dark or thermophase/cryophase summing up to 24-h, T30 a 30-h zeitgeber cycle and so on.

Temperature compensation

Temperature compensation refers to the ability of circadian clocks to maintain a stable and constant τ across different temperatures by compensating for temperature-induced changes in the rate of biochemical reactions.

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Nikhil, K.L., Sharma, V.K. (2017). On the Origin and Implications of Circadian Timekeeping: An Evolutionary Perspective. In: Kumar, V. (eds) Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms and Behaviour. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_5

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