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Projection of Optic Pathways to the Visual Cortex

  • Chapter
Visual Centers in the Brain

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((1536,volume 7 / 3 / 3 B))

Abstract

The topographical representation of the retina on the visual receptive surfaces to be found in the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus and visual cortex is incomprehensible without some knowledge of the distribution of receptors and ganglion cells in the retina. In this respect retinae in different animals differ widely. In the frog the concentration of ganglion cell only varies by a factor of three over the whole retina (Jacobson, 1962). Birds show a variety of curious distributions (e.g. the pigeon, Whitteridge, 1965) and it is well known that birds may have one or two foveas with or without a horizontal streak (Wood, 1917; Rochon-Duvigneaud, 1943). In mammals there are two main groups with some intermediate forms. In man (Osterberg, 1935) and the primates (Whitteridge, 1965) there is a fovea which has the highest density of receptors, a 1 : 1 relation between numbers of receptors, bipolar cells and ganglion cells but some overlap in connections. On the other hand in most ungulates, the rabbit and the tree, but not ground, squirrels (Walls, 1942) and some carnivores (Hughes und Whitteridge, in preparation) there is a horizontal streak which contains the greatest density of receptors and ganglion cells. These horizontal streaks subtend up to 150° of the field horizontally, but not more than 10–20° vertically. As a rough generalization one can say that it is the animals which hunt and are hunted in prairies and open spaces which have horizontal streaks. The seabirds have horizontal streaks which are presumably related to examination of the horizon.

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    David Whitteridge

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Whitteridge, D. (1973). Projection of Optic Pathways to the Visual Cortex. In: Jung, R. (eds) Visual Centers in the Brain. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_7

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