Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cardiovascular Monitoring in Postoperative Care of Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Postoperative Critical Care for Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients

Abstract

One of the fundamental functions in each intensive care unit is monitoring, while we can consider respiratory monitoring, cardiovascular monitoring, and cerebral monitoring as the main three monitoring functions of ICU. Though, in the current world of increasing health technology, the sophisticated bedside examinations of the clinicians could not be replaced by any of these technologic improvements. On the other hand, continuous hemodynamic assessments after cardiac operations are the cornerstone of postoperative cardiac surgeries. The main cardiovascular monitoring methods involve—but are not confined to—the following pages, though more detailed explanations could be found in details in related texts. Noninvasive and invasive blood pressure, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output monitoring modalities, and the normal range for measured hemodynamic variables are among the main topics that the reader could be familiar with after reading this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ANON. French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Arterial catheterization and invasive measurement of blood pressure in anesthesia and intensive care in adults. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1995;14:444–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pulmonary Artery Catheterization. Practice guidelines for pulmonary artery catheterization: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pulmonary Artery Catheterization. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:988–1014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad RA, Ahmad S, Naveed A, Baig MAR. Peripheral arterial blood pressure versus central arterial blood pressure monitoring in critically ill patients after cardio-pulmonary bypass. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33:310–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akima T, Takase B, Kosuda S, Ohsuzu F, Kawai T, Ishihara M, Akira K. Systemic peripheral vascular resistance as a determinant of functional cardiac reserve in response to exercise in patients with heart disease. Angiology. 2007;58:463–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alhashemi JA, Cecconi M, Hofer CK. Cardiac output monitoring: an integrative perspective. Crit Care. 2011;15:214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso-Inigo JM, Escriba FJ, Carrasco JI, Fas MJ, Argente P, Galvis JM, Llopis JE. Measuring cardiac output in children undergoing cardiac catheterization: comparison between the Fick method and PRAM (pressure recording analytical method). Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26:1097–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JS. Arterial cannulation: how to do it. Br J Hosp Med. 1997;57:497–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aouad-Maroun M, Raphael CK, Sayyid SK, Farah F, Akl EA. Ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation for paediatrics. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:Cd011364.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arai T, Yamashita M. Central venous catheterization in infants and children—small caliber audio-Doppler probe versus ultrasound scanner. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15:858–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ash SR. Fluid mechanics and clinical success of central venous catheters for dialysis—answers to simple but persisting problems. Semin Dial. 2007;20:237–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asheim P, Mostad U, Aadahl P. Ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation in infants and children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:390–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augusto JF, Teboul JL, Radermacher P, Asfar P. Interpretation of blood pressure signal: physiological bases, clinical relevance, and objectives during shock states. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:411–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bajorat J, Hofmockel R, Vagts DA, Janda M, Pohl B, Beck C, Noeldge-Schomburg G. Comparison of invasive and less-invasive techniques of cardiac output measurement under different haemodynamic conditions in a pig model. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23:23–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barmparas G, Inaba K, Georgiou C, Hadjizacharia P, Chan LS, Demetriades D, Friese R, Rhee P. Swan-Ganz catheter use in trauma patients can be reduced without negatively affecting outcomes. World J Surg. 2011;35:1809–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berghella S, Tempo B, Bernocco A, Neri G, Fiorucci G. Indications, methods and results of bacteriological examinations of central venous catheters in patients admitted to a polyvalent resuscitation center. Minerva Anestesiol. 1979;45:379–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berton C, Cholley B. Equipment review: new techniques for cardiac output measurement—oesophageal Doppler, Fick principle using carbon dioxide, and pulse contour analysis. Crit Care. 2002;6:216–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, O’Connor CM, Shah MR, Sopko G, Stevenson LW, Francis GS, Leier CV, Miller LW. Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA. 2005;294:1625–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth KL, Mercer-Smith G, McConkey C, Parissis H. Catheter-induced pulmonary artery rupture: haemodynamic compromise necessitates surgical repair. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:531–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Botha R, van Schoor AN, Boon JM, Becker JH, Meiring JH. Anatomical considerations of the anterior approach for central venous catheter placement. Clin Anat. 2006;19:101–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce JM. Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:936–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broch O, Bein B, Gruenewald M, Masing S, Huenges K, Haneya A, Steinfath M, Renner J. Accuracy of cardiac output by nine different pulse contour algorithms in cardiac surgery patients: a comparison with transpulmonary thermodilution. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3468015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brusasco C, Corradi F, Zattoni PL, Launo C, Leykin Y, Palermo S. Ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation in bariatric patients. Obes Surg. 2009;19:1365–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brzezinski M, Luisetti T, London MJ. Radial artery cannulation: a comprehensive review of recent anatomic and physiologic investigations. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:1763–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenek-Turconi SI, Craciun M, Miclea I, Perel A. Noninvasive continuous cardiac output by the Nexfin before and after preload-modifying maneuvers: a comparison with intermittent thermodilution cardiac output. Anesth Analg. 2013;117:366–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bur A, Hirschl MM, Herkner H, Oschatz E, Kofler J, Woisetschlager C, Laggner AN. Accuracy of oscillometric blood pressure measurement according to the relation between cuff size and upper-arm circumference in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:371–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bussieres JS. Iatrogenic pulmonary artery rupture. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20:48–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabria M, Zamboli P, D’Amelio A, Granata A, Di Lullo L, Floccari F, Logias F, Fiorini F. Use of ECG-EC in the positioning of central venous catheters. G Ital Nefrol. 2012;29:49–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell NR, Berbari AE, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Kenerson JG, Khalsa TK, Lackland DT, Lemogoum D, Mangat BK, Mohan S, Myers MG, Niebylski ML, O’Brien E, Stergiou GS, VeIga EV, Zhang XH. Policy statement of the world hypertension league on noninvasive blood pressure measurement devices and blood pressure measurement in the clinical or community setting. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16:320–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatti R, de Rudniki S, Marque S, Dumenil AS, Descorps-Declere A, Cariou A, Duranteau J, Aout M, Vicaut E, Cholley BP. Comparison of two versions of the Vigileo-FloTrac system (1.03 and 1.07) for stroke volume estimation: a multicentre, blinded comparison with oesophageal Doppler measurements. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:463–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chee BC, Baldwin IC, Shahwan-Akl L, Fealy NG, Heland MJ, Rogan JJ. Evaluation of a radial artery cannulation training program for intensive care nurses: a descriptive, explorative study. Aust Crit Care. 2011;24:117–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CK, Tan PP, Lee HC. Sternocleidomastoid muscle length predicts depth of central venous catheter insertion. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwanica. 2007;45:211–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chong SW, Peyton PJ. A meta-analysis of the accuracy and precision of the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM). Anaesthesia. 2012;67:1266–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra V, Anand S, Krein SL, Chenoweth C, Saint S. Bloodstream infection, venous thrombosis, and peripherally inserted central catheters: reappraising the evidence. Am J Med. 2012;125:733–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark VL, Kruse JA. Arterial catheterization. Crit Care Clin. 1992;8:687–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockings JG, Webb RK, Klepper ID, Currie M, Morgan C. The Australian Incident Monitoring Study. Blood pressure monitoring—applications and limitations: an analysis of 2000 incident reports. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1993;21:565–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compton F, Schafer JH. Noninvasive cardiac output determination: broadening the applicability of hemodynamic monitoring. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2009;13:44–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compton F, Wittrock M, Schaefer JH, Zidek W, Tepel M, Scholze A. Noninvasive cardiac output determination using applanation tonometry-derived radial artery pulse contour analysis in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg. 2008a;106:171–4; table of contents.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compton FD, Zukunft B, Hoffmann C, Zidek W, Schaefer JH. Performance of a minimally invasive uncalibrated cardiac output monitoring system (Flotrac/Vigileo) in haemodynamically unstable patients. Br J Anaesth. 2008b;100:451–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connors AF Jr, Speroff T, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE Jr, Wagner D, Desbiens N, Goldman L, Wu AW, Califf RM, Fulkerson WJ Jr, Vidaillet H, Broste S, Bellamy P, Lynn J, Knaus WA. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. JAMA. 1996;276:889–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotter G, Williams SG, Vered Z, Tan LB. Role of cardiac power in heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2003;18:215–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cousins TR, O’Donnell JM. Arterial cannulation: a critical review. AANA J. 2004;72:267–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley LA, Huang L. USCOM-window to the circulation: utility of supra-sternal Doppler in an elderly anaesthetized patient for a robotic cystectomy. J Clin Monit Comput. 2014;28:83–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dabbagh A. Cardiovascular monitoring. In: Dabbagh A, Esmailian F, Aranki S, editors. Postoperative critical care for cardiac surgical patients. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer; 2014. p. 77–127.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Daily PO, Griepp RB, Shumway NE. Percutaneous internal jugular vein cannulation. Arch Surg. 1970;101:534–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dark PM, Singer M. The validity of trans-esophageal Doppler ultrasonography as a measure of cardiac output in critically ill adults. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2060–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Waal EE, Wappler F, Buhre WF. Cardiac output monitoring. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22:71–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Iorio BR, Mondillo F, Bortone S, Nargi P, Capozzi M, Spagnuolo T, Cucciniello E, Bellizzi V. Fourteen years of hemodialysis with a central venous catheter: mechanical long-term complications. J Vasc Access. 2006;7:60–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty A, El-Khuffash A, Monteith C, McSweeney L, Breatnach C, Kent E, Tully E, Malone F, Thornton P. Comparison of bioreactance and echocardiographic non-invasive cardiac output monitoring and myocardial function assessment in primagravida women. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118:527–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino KB, Bowdle TA, Posner KL, Spitellie PH, Lee LA, Cheney FW. Injuries and liability related to central vascular catheters: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:1411–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donati A, Carsetti A, Tondi S, Scorcella C, Domizi R, Damiani E, Gabbanelli V, Munch C, Adrario E, Pelaia P, Cecconi M. Thermodilution vs pressure recording analytical method in hemodynamic stabilized patients. J Crit Care. 2014;29:260–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drawz P. Clinical implications of different blood pressure measurement techniques. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19:54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durbin CG Jr. The range of pulmonary artery catheter balloon inflation pressures. J Cardiothorac Anesth. 1990;4:39–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elgendy A, Seppelt IM, Lane AS. Comparison of continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound monitor and echocardiography to assess cardiac output in intensive care patients. Crit Care Resusc. 2017;19:222–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott CG, Zimmerman GA, Clemmer TP. Complications of pulmonary artery catheterization in the care of critically ill patients. A prospective study. Chest. 1979;76:647–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elwan MH, Hue J, Green SJ, Eltahan SM, Sims MR, Coats TJ. Thoracic electrical bioimpedance versus suprasternal Doppler in emergency care. Emerg Med Australas. 2017;29:391–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • English IC, Frew RM, Pigott JF, Zaki M. Percutaneous catheterisation of the internal jugular vein. 1969. Anaesthesia. 1995;50:1071–6; discussion 1070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagnoul D, Vincent JL, Backer DD. Cardiac output measurements using the bioreactance technique in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2012;16:460.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fakler U, Pauli C, Balling G, Lorenz HP, Eicken A, Hennig M, Hess J. Cardiac index monitoring by pulse contour analysis and thermodilution after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:224–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fanari Z, Grove M, Rajamanickam A, Hammami S, Walls C, Kolm P, Saltzberg M, Weintraub WS, Doorey AJ. Cardiac output determination using a widely available direct continuous oxygen consumption measuring device: a practical way to get back to the gold standard. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2016;17:256–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman LS, Anidjar M, Metrakos P, Stanbridge D, Fried GM, Carli F. Optimization of cardiac preload during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a preliminary study of central venous pressure versus esophageal Doppler monitoring. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:412–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson M, Max MH, Marshall W. Emergency department infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in patients with multiple injuries and burns. South Med J. 1988;81:433–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fick A. Über die Messung des Blutquantums in der Herzventrikeln. Stahelschen Universitats-Buch Kunsthandlung: Sitzungsberichte der physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaftzu Würzburg; 1870. p. XVI–XVII.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo A, Germano N, Guedes P, Marcelino P. The evolving concepts of haemodynamic support: from pulmonary artery catheter to echocardiography and theragnostics. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2011;7:136–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin C. The technique of radial artery cannulation. Tips for maximizing results while minimizing the risk of complications. J Crit Illn. 1995a;10:424–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin CM. The technique of dorsalis pedis cannulation. An overlooked option when the radial artery cannot be used. J Crit Illn. 1995b;10:493–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier SK, Skinner GJ. Pulmonary artery catheters: state of the controversy. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008;23:113–21; quiz 122-113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freed MD, Keane JF. Cardiac output measured by thermodilution in infants and children. J Pediatr. 1978;92:39–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuda G, Denault A, Deschamps A, Bouchard D, Fortier A, Lambert J, Couture P. Risk factors involved in central-to-radial arterial pressure gradient during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:624–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuya EY, Dick A, Perencevich EN, Pogorzelska M, Goldmann D, Stone PW. Central line bundle implementation in US intensive care units and impact on bloodstream infections. PLoS One. 2011;6:e15452.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gan TJ, Arrowsmith JE. The oesophageal Doppler monitor. BMJ. 1997;315:893–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ge X, Cavallazzi R, Li C, Pan SM, Wang YW, Wang FL. Central venous access sites for the prevention of venous thrombosis, stenosis and infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;3:CD004084.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geerts BF, Aarts LP, Jansen JR. Methods in pharmacology: measurement of cardiac output. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71:316–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson DG, Francis DP. Clinical assessment of left ventricular diastolic function. Heart. 2003;89:231–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson F, Bodenham A. Misplaced central venous catheters: applied anatomy and practical management. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:333–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godoy MC, Leitman BS, de Groot PM, Vlahos I, Naidich DP. Chest radiography in the ICU: Part 2: Evaluation of cardiovascular lines and other devices. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:572–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goepfert MS, Richter HP, Zu Eulenburg C, Gruetzmacher J, Rafflenbeul E, Roeher K, von Sandersleben A, Diedrichs S, Reichenspurner H, Goetz AE, Reuter DA. Individually optimized hemodynamic therapy reduces complications and length of stay in the intensive care unit: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:824–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gologorsky E, Gologorsky A, Barron ME. Pulmonary artery catheter in cardiac surgery revisited. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:1368; author reply 1369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gueret G, Kiss G, Rossignol B, Bezon E, Wargnier JP, Miossec A, Corre O, Arvieux CC. Cardiac output measurements in off-pump coronary surgery: comparison between NICO and the swan-Ganz catheter. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23:848–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guleri A, Kumar A, Morgan RJ, Hartley M, Roberts DH. Anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine-coated central venous catheters: a case series and review of the literature. Surg Infect. 2012;13:171–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurgel ST, do Nascimento P Jr. Maintaining tissue perfusion in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1384–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy JF, Morissette M, Taillefer J, Vauclair R. Pathophysiology of rupture of the pulmonary artery by pulmonary artery balloon-tipped catheters. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:925–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrigan RA, Chan TC, Moonblatt S, Vilke GM, Ufberg JW. Temporary transvenous pacemaker placement in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2007;32:105–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, Brampton W, Williams D, Young D, Rowan K. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:472–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey S, Stevens K, Harrison D, Young D, Brampton W, McCabe C, Singer M, Rowan K. An evaluation of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in patient management in intensive care: a systematic review and a randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1–133; iii–iv, ix–xi.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haryadi DG, Orr JA, Kuck K, McJames S, Westenskow DR. Partial CO2 rebreathing indirect Fick technique for non-invasive measurement of cardiac output. J Clin Monit Comput. 2000;16:361–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi S, Hayase T, Shirai A, Maruyama M. Numerical simulation of noninvasive blood pressure measurement. J Biomech Eng. 2006;128:680–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heiss HW. Werner Forssmann: a German problem with the Nobel Prize. Clin Cardiol. 1992;15:547–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heresi GA, Arroliga AC, Wiedemann HP, Matthay MA. Pulmonary artery catheter and fluid management in acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 2006;27:627–35; abstract ix.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hessel EA, Apostolidou I. Pulmonary artery catheter for coronary artery bypass graft: does it harm our patients? Primum non nocere. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:987–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewlett AL, Rupp ME. New developments in the prevention of intravascular catheter associated infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2012;26:1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hida S, Ohashi S, Kinoshita H, Honda T, Yamamoto S, Kazama J, Endoh H. Knotting of two central venous catheters: a rare complication of pulmonary artery catheterization. J Anesth. 2010;24:486–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himpe D. New approach to systemic vascular resistance calculation and clinical decision making. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1990;41:291–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hind D, Calvert N, McWilliams R, Davidson A, Paisley S, Beverley C, Thomas S. Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;327:361.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson LE, Forni LG, Venn R, Samuels TL, Wakeling HG. A comparison of the non-invasive ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) with the oesophageal Doppler monitor during major abdominal surgery. J Intensive Care Soc. 2016;17:103–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes SJ, Kiely EM, Spitz L. Vascular access. Prog Pediatr Surg. 1989;22:133–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horlocker TT, Bishop AT. Compartment syndrome of the forearm and hand after brachial artery cannulation. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:1092–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Htet N, Vaughn J, Adigopula S, Hennessey E, Mihm F. Needle-guided ultrasound technique for axillary artery catheter placement in critically ill patients: a case series and technique description. J Crit Care. 2017;41:194–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huygh J, Peeters Y, Bernards J, Malbrain ML. Hemodynamic monitoring in the critically ill: an overview of current cardiac output monitoring methods. F1000Res. 2016;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-2855.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda S, Yagi K, Schweiss JF, Homan SM. In vitro reappraisal of the pulmonary artery catheter balloon volume-pressure relationship: comparison of four different catheters. Can J Anaesth. 1991;38:648–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhoff M. Alea iacta est: a new approach to cardiac output monitoring? Anesth Analg. 2013;117:295–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizuka M, Nagata H, Takagi K, Kubota K. Right internal jugular vein is recommended for central venous catheterization. J Investig Surg. 2010;23:110–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakovljevic DG, Moore S, Hallsworth K, Fattakhova G, Thoma C, Trenell MI. Comparison of cardiac output determined by bioimpedance and bioreactance methods at rest and during exercise. J Clin Monit Comput. 2012;26:63–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jegatheswaran J, Ruzicka M, Hiremath S, Edwards C. Are automated blood pressure monitors comparable to ambulatory blood pressure monitors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33:644–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jo YY, Song JW, Yoo YC, Park JY, Shim JK, Kwak YL. The uncalibrated pulse contour cardiac output during off-pump coronary bypass surgery: performance in patients with a low cardiac output status and a reduced left ventricular function. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2011;60:237–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra A, Heitner S, Topalian S. Iatrogenic pulmonary artery rupture during swan-Ganz catheter placement—a novel therapeutic approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81:57–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang M, Ryu HG, Son IS, Bahk JH. Influence of shoulder position on central venous catheter tip location during infraclavicular subclavian approach. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:344–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor PM, Kakani M, Chowdhury U, Choudhury M, Lakshmy KU. Early goal-directed therapy in moderate to high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Ann Card Anaesth. 2008;11:27–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karakitsos D, Labropoulos N, De Groot E, Patrianakos AP, Kouraklis G, Poularas J, Samonis G, Tsoutsos DA, Konstadoulakis MM, Karabinis A. Real-time ultrasound-guided catheterisation of the internal jugular vein: a prospective comparison with the landmark technique in critical care patients. Crit Care. 2006;10:R162.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karamanou M, Papaioannou TG, Tsoucalas G, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C, Androutsos G. Blood pressure measurement: lessons learned from our ancestors. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21:700–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsikis A, Karavolias G, Voudris V. Transfemoral percutaneous removal of a knotted swan-Ganz catheter. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;74:802–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan SP. Use of ultrasound to place central lines. J Crit Care. 2002;17:126–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly TF Jr, Morris GC Jr, Crawford ES, Espada R, Howell JF. Perforation of the pulmonary artery with Swan-Ganz catheters: diagnosis and surgical management. Ann Surg. 1981;193:686–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer N, Hofer CK, Marx G, Geisen M, Giraud R, Siegenthaler N, Hoeft A, Bendjelid K, Rex S. Clinical validation of a new thermodilution system for the assessment of cardiac output and volumetric parameters. Crit Care. 2012;16:R98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MC, Kim KS, Choi YK, Kim DS, Kwon MI, Sung JK, Moon JY, Kang JM. An estimation of right- and left-sided central venous catheter insertion depth using measurement of surface landmarks along the course of central veins. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1371–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim WY, Lee CW, Sohn CH, Seo DW, Yoon JC, Koh JW, Kim W, Lim KS, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y. Optimal insertion depth of central venous catheters—is a formula required? A prospective cohort study. Injury. 2012;43:38–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klepper ID, Webb RK, Van der Walt JH, Ludbrook GL, Cockings J. The Australian incident monitoring study. The stethoscope: applications and limitations—an analysis of 2000 incident reports. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1993;21:575–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knopp R, Dailey RH. Central venous cannulation and pressure monitoring. JACEP. 1977;6:358–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodzik PW. Guide wire embolization as a potential complication of central line placement. J Emerg Med. 1989;7:291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn CWK. Hemodynamic monitoring. In: Holzheimer RG, Mannick JA, editors. Surgical treatment: evidence-based and problem-oriented. Munich: Zuckschwerdt; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kujur R, Rao MS, Mrinal M. How correct is the correct length for central venous catheter insertion. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2009;13:159–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kunizawa A, Fujioka M, Mink S, Keller E. Central venous catheter-induced delayed hydrothorax via progressive erosion of central venous wall. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76:868–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laher AE, Watermeyer MJ, Buchanan SK, Dippenaar N, Simo NCT, Motara F, Moolla M. A review of hemodynamic monitoring techniques, methods and devices for the emergency physician. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35:1335–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamia B, Kim HK, Severyn DA, Pinsky MR. Cross-comparisons of trending accuracies of continuous cardiac-output measurements: pulse contour analysis, bioreactance, and pulmonary-artery catheter. J Clin Monit Comput. 2018;32(1):33–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langesaeter E, Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A. Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:856–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lategola M, Rahn H. A self-guiding catheter for cardiac and pulmonary arterial catheterization and occlusion. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1953;84:667–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavine SJ, Lavine JA. The effect of acute hypertension on left ventricular diastolic pressures in a canine model of left ventricular dysfunction with a preserved ejection fraction and elevated left ventricular filling pressures. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1350–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner E, Hofer A, Leitner-Peneder G, Freynschlag R, Mair R, Weinzettel R, Rehak P, Gombotz H. Levosimendan versus milrinone in neonates and infants after corrective open-heart surgery: a pilot study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13:542–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AY, Kamphuisen PW. Epidemiology and prevention of catheter-related thrombosis in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:1491–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz AB, Oropello JM. The pulmonary artery catheter in anesthesia practice in 2007: an historical overview with emphasis on the past 6 years. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;11:162–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J. Systemic oxygen transport derived by using continuous measured oxygen consumption after the Norwood procedure-an interim review. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15:93–101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liang SY, Khair H, Durkin MJ, Marschall J. Prevention and management of central line-associated bloodstream infections in hospital practice. Hosp Pract (Minneap). 2012;40:106–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linnemann B, Lindhoff-Last E. Risk factors, management and primary prevention of thrombotic complications related to the use of central venous catheters. Vasa. 2012;41:319–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litton E, Morgan M. The PiCCO monitor: a review. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2012;40:393–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire S, Rinehart J, Vakharia S, Cannesson M. Technical communication: respiratory variation in pulse pressure and plethysmographic waveforms: intraoperative applicability in a North American academic center. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:94–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel MA, Dauchot PJ. Radial artery cannulation in 1,000 patients: precautions and complications. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1977;2:482–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manecke GR. Edwards FloTrac sensor and Vigileo monitor: easy, accurate, reliable cardiac output assessment using the arterial pulse wave. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2005;2:523–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield PF, Hohn DC, Fornage BD, Gregurich MA, Ota DM. Complications and failures of subclavian-vein catheterization. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1735–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marik PE, Flemmer M, Harrison W. The risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with femoral venous catheters as compared to subclavian and internal jugular venous catheters: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:2479–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marik PE, Levitov A, Young A, Andrews L. The use of bioreactance and carotid Doppler to determine volume responsiveness and blood flow redistribution following passive leg raising in hemodynamically unstable patients. Chest. 2013;143:364–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masugata H, Peters B, Lafitte S, Strachan GM, Ohmori K, Mizushige K, Kohno M. Assessment of adenosine-induced coronary steal in the setting of coronary occlusion based on the extent of opacification defects by myocardial contrast echocardiography. Angiology. 2003;54:443–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews L, Singh RK. Cardiac output monitoring. Ann Card Anaesth. 2008;11:56–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthay MA, Chatterjee K. Bedside catheterization of the pulmonary artery: risks compared with benefits. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:826–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer MM, Burkhoff D, Maybaum S, Franco V, Vittorio TJ, Williams P, White L, Kamalakkannan G, Myers J, Mancini DM. A multicenter study of noninvasive cardiac output by bioreactance during symptom-limited exercise. J Card Fail. 2009;15:689–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell RA, Gibson JB, Slade JB, Fabian TC, Proctor KG. Noninvasive cardiac output by partial CO2 rebreathing after severe chest trauma. J Trauma. 2001;51:849–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer J, Suttner S. Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22:804–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGee WT, Mailloux PT, Martin RT. Safe placement of central venous catheters: a measured approach. J Intensive Care Med. 2011;26:392–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGhee BH, Bridges EJ. Monitoring arterial blood pressure: what you may not know. Crit Care Nurse. 2002;22:60–4, 66–70, 73 passim.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melhuish TM, White LD. Optimal wrist positioning for radial arterial cannulation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34:2372–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merrer J, De Jonghe B, Golliot F, Lefrant JY, Raffy B, Barre E, Rigaud JP, Casciani D, Misset B, Bosquet C, Outin H, Brun-Buisson C, Nitenberg G. Complications of femoral and subclavian venous catheterization in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;286:700–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JA. Werner Forssmann and catheterization of the heart, 1929. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49:497–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mielniczuk LM, Lamas GA, Flaker GC, Mitchell G, Smith SC, Gersh BJ, Solomon SD, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Pfeffer MA. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and risk of subsequent heart failure in patients following an acute myocardial infarction. Congest Heart Fail. 2007;13:209–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AG, Bardin AJ. Review of ultrasound-guided radial artery catheter placement. Respir Care. 2016;61:383–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller SE, Maragakis LL. Central line-associated bloodstream infection prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012;25:412–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr R, Meir O, Smolinsky A, Goor DA. A method for continuous on-line monitoring of systemic vascular resistance (COMS) after open heart procedures. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;28:558–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monnet X, Picard F, Lidzborski E, Mesnil M, Duranteau J, Richard C, Teboul JL. The estimation of cardiac output by the Nexfin device is of poor reliability for tracking the effects of a fluid challenge. Crit Care. 2012;16:R212.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Monnet X, Richard C, Teboul JL. The pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients. Does it change outcome? Minerva Anestesiol. 2004;70:219–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monnet X, Teboul JL. Minimally invasive monitoring. Crit Care Clin. 2015;31:25–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran J. Pulse. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller HS, Chatterjee K, Davis KB, Fifer MA, Franklin C, Greenberg MA, Labovitz AJ, Shah PK, Tuman KJ, Weil MH, Weintraub WS. ACC expert consensus document. Present use of bedside right heart catheterization in patients with cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:840–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers MG, Godwin M. Automated office blood pressure. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:341–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols WW, Denardo SJ, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM, Cockcroft J, O’Rourke MF. Effects of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and wave reflections on the central aortic pressure waveform. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10:295–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson LB, Eldrup N, Berthelsen PG. Lack of agreement between thermodilution and carbon dioxide-rebreathing cardiac output. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:680–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nossaman BD, Scruggs BA, Nossaman VE, Murthy SN, Kadowitz PJ. History of right heart catheterization: 100 years of experimentation and methodology development. Cardiol Rev. 2010;18:94–101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien E. Automated blood pressure measurement: state of the market in 1998 and the need for an international validation protocol for blood pressure measuring devices. Blood Press Monit. 1998;3:205–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien E. Demise of the mercury sphygmomanometer and the dawning of a new era in blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit. 2003;8:19–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien E, Stergiou GS. The pursuit of accurate blood pressure measurement: a 35-year travail. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2017;19:746–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien E, van Montfrans G, Palatini P, Tochikubo O, Staessen J, Shirasaki O, Lipicky R, Myers M. Task force I: methodological aspects of blood pressure measurement. Blood Press Monit. 2001;6:313–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke MF, Avolio AP. Pulsatile flow and pressure in human systemic arteries. Studies in man and in a multibranched model of the human systemic arterial tree. Circ Res. 1980;46:363–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke MF, Pauca A, Jiang XJ. Pulse wave analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;51:507–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke MF, Yaginuma T. Wave reflections and the arterial pulse. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:366–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omar HR, Fathy A, Mangar D, Camporesi E. Missing the guidewire: an avoidable complication. Int Arch Med. 2010;3:21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Opotowsky AR, Hess E, Maron BA, Brittain EL, Baron AE, Maddox TM, Alshawabkeh LI, Wertheim BM, Xu M, Assad TR, Rich JD, Choudhary G, Tedford RJ. Thermodilution vs estimated Fick cardiac output measurement in clinical practice: an analysis of mortality from the veterans affairs clinical assessment, reporting, and tracking (VA CART) program and Vanderbilt University. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:1090–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oransky I. H. Jeremy C. Swan. Lancet. 2005;365:1132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouellette EA. Compartment syndromes in obtunded patients. Hand Clin. 1998;14:431–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papaioannou TG, Karageorgopoulou TD, Sergentanis TN, Protogerou AD, Psaltopoulou T, Sharman JE, Weber T, Blacher J, Daskalopoulou SS, Wassertheurer S, Khir AW, Vlachopoulos C, Stergiopulos N, Stefanadis C, Nichols WW, Tousoulis D. Accuracy of commercial devices and methods for noninvasive estimation of aortic systolic blood pressure a systematic review and meta-analysis of invasive validation studies. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1237–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parienti JJ, du Cheyron D, Timsit JF, Traore O, Kalfon P, Mimoz O, Mermel LA. Meta-analysis of subclavian insertion and nontunneled central venous catheter-associated infection risk reduction in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1627–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearse RM, Ikram K, Barry J. Equipment review: an appraisal of the LiDCO plus method of measuring cardiac output. Crit Care. 2004;8:190–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phan TD, Kluger R, Wan C, Wong D, Padayachee A. A comparison of three minimally invasive cardiac output devices with thermodilution in elective cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39:1014–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pikwer A, Akeson J, Lindgren S. Complications associated with peripheral or central routes for central venous cannulation. Anaesthesia. 2012;67:65–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pipanmekaporn T, Bunchungmongkol N, Pin on P, Punjasawadwong Y. Impact of patients’ positions on the incidence of arrhythmias during pulmonary artery catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26:391–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pirracchio R, Cholley B, De Hert S, Solal AC, Mebazaa A. Diastolic heart failure in anaesthesia and critical care. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:707–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poelaert JI, Trouerbach J, De Buyzere M, Everaert J, Colardyn FA. Evaluation of transesophageal echocardiography as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in a critical care setting. Chest. 1995;107:774–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaram SS, Desai NK, Kalra A, Gajera M, Cavanaugh SK, Brampton W, Young D, Harvey S, Rowan K. Pulmonary artery catheters for adult patients in intensive care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD003408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamykanive H, Bihari DJ. Entrapment of the introducing sheath of a pulmonary artery catheter. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009;37:1025–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranganath A, Hanumanthaiah D. Radial artery pseudo aneurysm after percutaneous cannulation using Seldinger technique. Indian J Anaesth. 2011;55:274–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raval NY, Squara P, Cleman M, Yalamanchili K, Winklmaier M, Burkhoff D. Multicenter evaluation of noninvasive cardiac output measurement by bioreactance technique. J Clin Monit Comput. 2008;22:113–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Razavi A, Newth CJL, Khemani RG, Beltramo F, Ross PA. Cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance: clinical assessment compared with a noninvasive objective measurement in children with shock. J Crit Care. 2017;39:6–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed CR, Sessler CN, Glauser FL, Phelan BA. Central venous catheter infections: concepts and controversies. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21:177–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reems MM, Aumann M. Central venous pressure: principles, measurement, and interpretation. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2012;34:E1–E10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renner J, Scholz J, Bein B. Monitoring fluid therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2009;23:159–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reshetnik A, Compton F, Scholzel A, Tolle M, Zidek W, Giet MV. Noninvasive oscillometric cardiac output determination in the intensive care unit - comparison with invasive transpulmonary thermodilution. Sci Rep. 2017;7:9997.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter DA, Huang C, Edrich T, Shernan SK, Eltzschig HK. Cardiac output monitoring using indicator-dilution techniques: basics, limits, and perspectives. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:799–811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes A, Cusack RJ, Newman PJ, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. A randomised, controlled trial of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:256–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richard C, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Pulmonary artery catheter monitoring in 2011. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17:296–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richard C, Warszawski J, Anguel N, Deye N, Combes A, Barnoud D, Boulain T, Lefort Y, Fartoukh M, Baud F, Boyer A, Brochard L, Teboul JL. Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2713–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riva-Rocci S, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. A new sphygmomanometer. Sphygmomanometric technique. J Hypertens. 1996;14:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roguin A. Scipione Riva-Rocci and the men behind the mercury sphygmomanometer. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:73–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sander M, von Heymann C, Foer A, von Dossow V, Grosse J, Dushe S, Konertz WF, Spies CD. Pulse contour analysis after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery patients. Crit Care. 2005;9:R729–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sangkum L, Liu GL, Yu L, Yan H, Kaye AD, Liu H. Minimally invasive or noninvasive cardiac output measurement: an update. J Anesth. 2016;30:461–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satler LF. Iatrogenic pulmonary artery rupture: the realities of management. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;81:60–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saugel B, Bendjelid K, Critchley LA, Rex S, Scheeren TW. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 2016 end of year summary: cardiovascular and hemodynamic monitoring. J Clin Monit Comput. 2017;31:5–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer B, Perel A, Pfeiffer UJ. Clinical review: complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Crit Care. 2002;6:199–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schloglhofer T, Gilly H, Schima H. Semi-invasive measurement of cardiac output based on pulse contour: a review and analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61:452–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schramm R, Abugameh A, Tscholl D, Schafers HJ. Managing pulmonary artery catheter-induced pulmonary hemorrhage by bronchial occlusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:284–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert S, Schmitz T, Weiss M, Nagdyman N, Huebler M, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Berger F, Stiller B. Continuous, non-invasive techniques to determine cardiac output in children after cardiac surgery: evaluation of transesophageal Doppler and electric velocimetry. J Clin Monit Comput. 2008;22:299–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwann NM, Hillel Z, Hoeft A, Barash P, Mohnle P, Miao Y, Mangano DT. Lack of effectiveness of the pulmonary artery catheter in cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2011;113:994–1002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scolletta S, Romano SM, Biagioli B, Capannini G, Giomarelli P. Pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) for measurement of cardiac output during various haemodynamic states. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:159–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah MR, Hasselblad V, Stevenson LW, Binanay C, O’Connor CM, Sopko G, Califf RM. Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2005;294:1664–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shevde K, Raab R, Lee P. Decreasing the risk of pulmonary artery rupture with a pressure relief balloon. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1994;8:30–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer M, Clarke J, Bennett ED. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring by esophageal Doppler. Crit Care Med. 1989;17:447–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siradovic A, Stoll R, Kern F, Haertel M. Optimizing puncture of the internal jugular vein. Effects and advantages of the Valsalva maneuver in catheterization. Anaesthesist. 1988;37:387–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sise MJ, Hollingsworth P, Brimm JE, Peters RM, Virgilio RW, Shackford SR. Complications of the flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter: a prospective analysis in 219 patients. Crit Care Med. 1981;9:315–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Parati G, Vlachopoulos C, Achimastos A, Andreadis E, Asmar R, Avolio A, Benetos A, Bilo G, Boubouchairopoulou N, Boutouyrie P, Castiglioni P, de la Sierra A, Dolan E, Head G, Imai Y, Kario K, Kollias A, Kotsis V, Manios E, McManus R, Mengden T, Mihailidou A, Myers M, Niiranen T, Ochoa JE, Ohkubo T, Omboni S, Padfield P, Palatini P, Papaioannou T, Protogerou A, Redon J, Verdecchia P, Wang J, Zanchetti A, Mancia G, O’Brien E. Methodology and technology for peripheral and central blood pressure and blood pressure variability measurement: current status and future directions—Position statement of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on blood pressure monitoring and cardiovascular variability. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1665–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens K, McCabe C, Jones C, Ashcroft J, Harvey S, Rowan K. The incremental cost effectiveness of withdrawing pulmonary artery catheters from routine use in critical care. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2005;4:257–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone PA, Hass SM, Knackstedt KS, Jagannath P. Malposition of a central venous catheter into the right internal mammary vein: review of complications of catheter misplacement. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;46:187–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumita S, Ujike Y, Namiki A, Watanabe H, Watanabe A, Satoh O. Rupture of pulmonary artery induced by balloon occlusion pulmonary angiography. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21:79–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerhill EM, Baram M. Principles of pulmonary artery catheterization in the critically ill. Lung. 2005;183:209–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surov A, Wienke A, Carter JM, Stoevesandt D, Behrmann C, Spielmann RP, Werdan K, Buerke M. Intravascular embolization of venous catheter—causes, clinical signs, and management: a systematic review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33:677–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swan HJ. The pulmonary artery catheter in anesthesia practice. 1970. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:890–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swan HJ, Ganz W. Letter: guidelines for use of balloon-tipped catheter. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34:119–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swan HJ, Ganz W. Use of balloon flotation catheters in critically ill patients. Surg Clin North Am. 1975;55:501–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swan HJ, Ganz W. Complications with flow-directed balloon-tipped catheters. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91:494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swan HJ, Ganz W, Forrester J, Marcus H, Diamond G, Chonette D. Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. N Engl J Med. 1970;283:447–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takada M, Minami K, Murata T, Inoue C, Sudani T, Suzuki A, Yamamoto T. Anesthetic management using the arterial pressure-based cardiac output monitor and a central venous oximetry catheter for tricuspid valve replacement in a patient receiving hemodialysis. Masui. 2010;59:1016–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor HL, Tiede K. A comparison of the estimation of the basal cardiac output from a linear formula and the cardiac index. J Clin Invest. 1952;31:209–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tesio F, De Baz H, Panarello G, Calianno G, Quaia P, Raimondi A, Schinella D. Double catheterization of the internal jugular vein for hemodialysis: indications, techniques, and clinical results. Artif Organs. 1994;18:301–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trieschmann U, Kruessell M, Cate UT, Sreeram N. Central venous catheters in children and neonates (Part 2)—Access via the internal jugular vein. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2008;10:1–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trof RJ, Danad I, Reilingh MW, Breukers RM, Groeneveld AB. Cardiac filling volumes versus pressures for predicting fluid responsiveness after cardiovascular surgery: the role of systolic cardiac function. Crit Care. 2011;15:R73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Truijen J, van Lieshout JJ, Wesselink WA, Westerhof BE. Noninvasive continuous hemodynamic monitoring. J Clin Monit Comput. 2012;26:267–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trzebicki J, Lisik W, Blaszczyk B, Pacholczyk M, Fudalej M, Chmura A, Lazowski T. Unexpected fatal right ventricular rupture during liver transplantation: case report. Ann Transplant. 2011;16:70–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turi G, Tordiglione P, Araimo F. Anterior mediastinal central line malposition. Anesth Analg. 2012;117(1):123–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyden H. Cannulation of the internal jugular vein—500 cases. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1982;26:485–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida Y, Sakamoto M, Takahashi H, Matsuo Y, Funahashi H, Sasano H, Sobue K, Takeyama H. Optimal prediction of the central venous catheter insertion depth on a routine chest x-ray. Nutrition. 2011;27:557–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unal AE, Bayar S, Arat M, Ilhan O. Malpositioning of Hickman catheters, left versus right sided attempts. Transfus Apher Sci. 2003;28:9–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urban T, Wappler F, Sakka SG. Intra-arterial ECG leads of a positive P-wave potential during central venous catheterization. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2011;46:94–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urbano J, Lopez J, Gonzalez R, Fernandez SN, Solana MJ, Toledo B, Carrillo A, Lopez-Herce J. Comparison between pressure-recording analytical method (PRAM) and femoral arterial thermodilution method (FATD) cardiac output monitoring in an infant animal model of cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2016;4:13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Urschel JD, Myerowitz PD. Catheter-induced pulmonary artery rupture in the setting of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:585–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uzun M, Erinc K, Kirilmaz A, Baysan O, Sag C, Kilicarslan F, Genc C, Karaeren H, Demirtas E. A novel method to estimate pulmonary artery wedge pressure using the downslope of the Doppler mitral regurgitant velocity profile. Echocardiography. 2004;21:673–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vakily A, Parsaei H, Movahhedi MM, Sahmeddini MA. A system for continuous estimating and monitoring cardiac output via arterial waveform analysis. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2017;7:181–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valtier B, Cholley BP, Belot JP, de la Coussaye JE, Mateo J, Payen DM. Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output in critically ill patients using transesophageal Doppler. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:77–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Heerden PV, Baker S, Lim SI, Weidman C, Bulsara M. Clinical evaluation of the non-invasive cardiac output (NICO) monitor in the intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2000;28:427–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vats HS. Complications of catheters: tunneled and nontunneled. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19:188–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vender JS. Pulmonary artery catheter utilization: the use, misuse, or abuse. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20:295–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JL, Pinsky MR, Sprung CL, Levy M, Marini JJ, Payen D, Rhodes A, Takala J. The pulmonary artery catheter: in medio virtus. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3093–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Perel A, Martin GS, Della Rocca G, Vallet B, Pinsky MR, Hofer CK, Teboul JL, de Boode WP, Scolletta S, Vieillard-Baron A, De Backer D, Walley KR, Maggiorini M, Singer M. Clinical review: update on hemodynamic monitoring—a consensus of 16. Crit Care. 2011;15:229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron NH, Miller TE, Thacker JK, Manchester AK, White WD, Nardiello J, Elgasim MA, Moon RE, Gan TJ. A prospective comparison of a noninvasive cardiac output monitor versus esophageal Doppler monitor for goal-directed fluid therapy in colorectal surgery patients. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:966–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walser EM. Venous access ports: indications, implantation technique, follow-up, and complications. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35:751–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanderer JP, Rathmell JP. Utilizing ultrasound: let us help you with that arterial line! Anesthesiology. 2017;127:A15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wax DB, Lin HM, Leibowitz AB. Invasive and concomitant noninvasive intraoperative blood pressure monitoring: observed differences in measurements and associated therapeutic interventions. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:973–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • West JB. The beginnings of cardiac catheterization and the resulting impact on pulmonary medicine. Am J Phys Lung Cell Mol Phys. 2017;313:L651–l658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westenskow DR, Silva FH. Device to limit inflation of a pulmonary artery catheter balloon. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1365–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT, Schoenfeld D, Wiedemann HP, deBoisblanc B, Connors AF Jr, Hite RD, Harabin AL. Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2213–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox TA. Catheter-related bloodstream infections. Semin Interv Radiol. 2009;26:139–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams L, Frenneaux M. Diastolic ventricular interaction: from physiology to clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3:368–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodrow P. Central venous catheters and central venous pressure. Nurs Stand. 2002;16:45–51; quiz 52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu DT, Platt R, Lanken PN, Black E, Sands KE, Schwartz JS, Hibberd PL, Graman PS, Kahn KL, Snydman DR, Parsonnet J, Moore R, Bates DW. Relationship of pulmonary artery catheter use to mortality and resource utilization in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:2734–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarshenas Z, Sparschu RA. Catheter placement and misplacement. Crit Care Clin. 1994;10:417–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Xiao W, An E, Zhou H, Yan M. Effects of four different positive airway pressures on right internal jugular vein catheterisation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2012;29:223–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuffi A, Biondi-Zoccai G, Colombo F. Swan-Ganz-induced pulmonary artery rupture: management with stent graft implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;76:578–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesiology Department, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Dabbagh M.D.

  2. Cardiac Anesthesiology Fellowship Program, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Dabbagh M.D.

Authors
  1. Ali Dabbagh M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Dabbagh M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Sa'adat Abad, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Dabbagh

  2. Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Fardad Esmailian

  3. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sary Aranki

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dabbagh, A. (2018). Cardiovascular Monitoring in Postoperative Care of Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients. In: Dabbagh, A., Esmailian, F., Aranki, S. (eds) Postoperative Critical Care for Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75747-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75747-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75746-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75747-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation