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Devaluation of Outcomes Due to Their Cost: Extending Discounting Models Beyond Delay

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Impulsivity

Part of the book series: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation ((NSM,volume 64))

Abstract

The factors and mechanisms associated with choices between small rewards available immediately and larger rewards available following a delay have been the focus of research across several disciplines, due to the ubiquitous nature of these types of choice and the systematic effects of psychopathology on preferences. This chapter discusses practical issues associated with assessing this phenomenon, “temporal discounting”, including the use of rating procedures to assess the value of the delayed alternative, and conceptual issues such as the role of the possibility of nondelivery of the delayed reward. Building on the framework of temporal discounting, recent interest has been growing in effort discounting: the choice between a small, easily obtained reward and a larger, but more difficult to earn reward. The chapter describes early literature on the Principle of Least Effort, behavioral economics, and foraging theory, to demonstrate the different conceptualizations and measures of effort used in studies of effort discounting. Procedures to examine effort discounting are critically evaluated for human and nonhuman animal studies, and the distinction between cognitive effort discounting and physical effort discounting is explored. The discussion seeks both to define best practices for effort discounting tasks and to identify the knowledge gaps in this emerging field of research.

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Acknowledgements

SHM was supported by NIH grants P60 AA010760 and R03 DA040854 and would like to thank Darby Dyar, Alyssa Moore, Austin Phanouvong, and Vanessa Wilson for assisting with the preparation of material in this manuscript.

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  1. Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Suzanne H. Mitchell

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  1. Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Center for Brain, Biology, Behavior, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

    Jeffrey R. Stevens

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Mitchell, S.H. (2017). Devaluation of Outcomes Due to Their Cost: Extending Discounting Models Beyond Delay. In: Stevens, J. (eds) Impulsivity. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol 64. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_5

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