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Probiotics: Role in the Prevention of Chronic Viral Diseases

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New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics

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Abstract

Viral infections are the most critical among infectious diseases, especially those that can lead to chronic diseases. The control and the prevention of chronic diseases represent a challenge for public health organizations. These chronic diseases are the major cause of death worldwide. To achieve the greatest impact, public health campaigns should focus on creating novel treatment and prevention strategies against chronic viral diseases. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms with beneficial effects for humans. Probiotic strains have shown antiviral activity against a variety of infectious viruses such as respiratory and enteric viruses. In this chapter, we discuss the possible role of probiotic strains in chronic viral infections and their benefits in therapy strategies against such diseases. Data from numerous studies has shown that the use of probiotic as therapeutic agents is safe and inexpensive and can avoid the need for invasive treatment for several chronic viral infections caused by HIV, HCV, HTLV, HPV, CVB4, etc. The principal mechanisms of the antiviral activity of the probiotic strains studied until now were the production of antiviral compounds, the immunomodulatory effect, and virus trapping by the probiotic cell wall.

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Abbreviations

AFB1:

Aflatoxin B1

AIDS:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ATCC:

American Type Culture Collection

ATL:

Adult T-cell leukemia

CLD:

Chronic liver disease

CPE:

Cytopathic effect

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CVB3:

Coxsackievirus B3

EBV:

Epstein–Barr virus

GGT:

Gamma glutamyl transferase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HAM/TSP:

Myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCs:

HTLV-1 carriers

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HHV4:

Human herpesvirus 4

HHV8:

Human herpesvirus 8

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

HR:

High risk

HSV-1:

Herpes simplex viruses 1

HSV-2:

Herpes simplex viruses 2

HTLV-1:

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

KHSV:

Kaposi’s sarcoma-related herpesvirus

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LR:

Low risk

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

NK cells:

Natural killer cells

PBMCs:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PRA:

Plaque reduction assay

pRb:

Retinoblastoma protein

T1D:

Type 1 diabetes

TGF-α:

Transforming growth factor alpha

TNF alpha:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Microbiologie Environnement et Santé (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon

    Imad AL KASSAA

  2. Head of Laboratoire de Microbiologie Sante et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology/Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon

    Mazen ZAYLAA

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AL KASSAA, I., ZAYLAA, M. (2017). Probiotics: Role in the Prevention of Chronic Viral Diseases. In: New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49688-7_3

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