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Effect of Pesticides on Fish Fauna: Threats, Challenges, and Possible Remedies

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Bioremediation and Biotechnology

Abstract

Pesticides are the chemical compounds with toxic nature employed to destroy a range of harmful organisms. A number of pesticides have been utilized during the past decades with the purpose of protecting the crops from pests. Even if these pesticides tremendously increase the crop yield, simultaneously they pose grave threat to the stability of the ecosystem. Pesticides threaten the long-lasting survival of key bionetworks, disarray the ecological relationships among living beings, and cause the loss of biological diversity. The survival of terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic organisms including human beings has been endangered by pesticides. The freshwater bodies are particularly at the risk of pesticide pollution due to the penetration of pesticide into them via run off, drifting, leaching, and drainage. The excessive use of noxious pesticides, for example, carbamates and organophosphates, has degraded the environment and threatened the existence of nontarget life forms including fish fauna via affecting their cholinergic systems. Pesticides deteriorate the health of fish by impairing their metabolic process that occasionally causes death of fish. The excessive consumption of pesticides has augmented the global apprehensions for the management of secure and sustainable environment. Ecological stability may be well conserved by replacing pesticides with the application of substitute techniques that include biocontrol, integrated pest management, genetic control, physical interventions, and sterile insect technique as well as the use of selected pesticides. Further research is required to produce eco-friendly species-specific pesticides so that the damage to nontarget organisms is avoided. This chapter talks about pesticides, their historical background, classification, pesticide toxicity in fish, and routes of pesticides exposure to fish. This chapter also discusses about the effects and threats posed by pesticides to fish life as well as challenges in monitoring pesticides. At the end of this chapter, the remedial techniques that may replace the pesticides have been discussed.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks are due to Research Centre, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, and Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Shafat Ali & Md Niamat Ali

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College (GMC), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Shafat Ali, Sabhiya Majid, Javaid Ahmad Wani, Sanah Farooq, Shabhat Rasool, Hilal Ahmad Wani & Muneeb U. Rehman

  3. RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

    Adil Farooq Wali

  4. Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Ali Mohd Yatoo

  5. Forest Biotech Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Saiema Rasool

  6. Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nano-science and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India

    Rehan Khan

  7. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Muneeb U. Rehman

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    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

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    Rouf Ahmad Bhat

  3. Department of Environmental Science, Cluster University, Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Humaira Qadri

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Ali, S. et al. (2020). Effect of Pesticides on Fish Fauna: Threats, Challenges, and Possible Remedies. In: Hakeem, K., Bhat, R., Qadri, H. (eds) Bioremediation and Biotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_2

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