Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization of Thin Calcium Phosphate Coating

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Thin Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Medical Implants

Abstract

For the development and improvement of thin calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings, a thorough understanding of the compositional, structural, and mechanical aspects of the coatings is required. This chapter reports on the basic principles of the techniques and how to apply them for the characterization of (thin) CaP coatings. The advantages and limitations of the techniques are described; and at least one example of how the technique can be used to investigate CaP coatings is provided. The techniques include (1) those that are photon-based: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction; (2) microscopy techniques: scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy; (3) ion beam techniques: Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry, elastic recoil detection; (4) nuclear magnetic resonance; and (5) several mechanical characterization techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. B. Smith. In: Infrared Spectral Interpretation. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999), p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  2. R.V. Santos, R.N. Clayton, American Mineralogist 80 (1995) 336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Posset, E. Löcklin, R. Thull, W. Kiefer. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 40 (1998) 640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.L. Arias, F.J. García-Sanz, M.B. Mayor, S. Chiussi, J. Pou, B. León, M. Pérez-Amor. Biomaterials 19 (1998) 883.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. B. Mayor, J. Arias, S. Chiussi, F. García, J. Pou, B. León and M. Pérez-Amor, Thin Solid Films 317 (1998) 363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. N.B. Colthup, L.H. Daly, S.E. Wiberley. In: Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1990), p. 60.

    Google Scholar 

  7. C.N. Banwell. In: Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy. (McGraw-Hill, London, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. Schader. In: Practical Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1990), p. 167.

    Google Scholar 

  9. H. Tsuda, J. Arias, B. Leon, J. Arends. Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (1998) 1122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. R. Smith, I. Rehman. J. Mat. Sci: Mat. Med. 5 (1995) 775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. U. Posset, E. Löcklin, R. Thull, W. Kiefer, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 40 (1998) 640.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.M. Fernández-Pradas, L. Clèries, E. Martínez, G. Sardin, J. Esteve, J.L. Morenza. Appl. Phys. A 71 (2000) 37.

    Google Scholar 

  13. L. Clèries, J.M. Fernández-Pradas, G. Sardin, J.L. Morenza. Biomaterials 19 (1998) 1483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. D. Briggs, M.P. Seah. In: Practical Surface Analysis. Vol. 1. Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. (Wiley, New York, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  15. B. Feddes, A.M. Vredenberg, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen. Surf. Inter. Anal. 35 (2003) 287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Feddes, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen, A.M. Vredenberg. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21 (2003) 363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Feddes, A.M. Vredenberg, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen. Biomaterials 25 (2004) 633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. K.E. Hwang, C.S. Kim. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 23 (2003) 401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Manso, M. Langlet, M. Fernández, L. Vázques, J.M. Martínez-Duart. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 23 (2003) 451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. H.P. Klug, L.E. Alexander. In: X-ray Diffraction Procedures, 2nd edition. (Wiley, New York, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  21. J.G.C.Wolke, K. van Dijk, H.G. Schaeken, K. de Groot, J.A. Jansen. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 28 (1994) 1477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. J.C. Elliot. In: Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other CaPs. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  23. E.L. Haase. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Methods in X-ray and Neutron Analysis of Materials. (Plenum, New York, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  24. P.J. Goodhew, F.J. Humphreys. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis. (Taylor & Francis, London, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  25. S.K. Chapman. In: Working with a Scanning Electron Microscope. (Lodgemark Press, Orpington, Kent, UK, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  26. J.M. Fernández-Pradas, L. Clèries, G. Sardin, J.L. Morenza, Biomaterials 23 (2002) 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. L. Clèries, E. Martinez, J.M. Fernández-Pradas, G. Sardin, J. Esteve, J.L. Morenza. Biomaterials 21 (2000) 967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J.M. Fernández-Pradas, G. Sardin, J.L. Morenza, Appl. Phys. A 76 (2003) 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. F. Lusquiños, J. Pou, J.L. Arias, M. Boutinguiza, B. León, M. Pérez-Amor, F.C.M. Driessens, J.C. Merry, I. Gibson, S. Best, W. Bonfield, J. Appl. Phys. 90 (2001) 4231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Vallet-Regí, J. Peña, I. Izquierdo-Barba, Solid State Ionics 172 (2004) 445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. S.C.G. Leeuwenburgh, J.G.C. Wolke, M.C. Siebers, J. Schoonman, J.A. Jansen. Biomaterials 27 (2006) 3368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. F.J. Garcia-Sanz, M.B. Mayor, J.L. Arias, J. Pou, B. León, M. Pérez-Amor, J. Mater. Sci. Mater Med. 8 (1997) 861.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J.L. Arias, M.B. Mayor, J. Pou, B. León, M. Pérez-Amor. Appl. Surf. Sci. 186 (2002) 448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Q. Zhang, Y. Leng, R. Xin. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 2857.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. J.G.C. Wolke, J.P.C.M. Van Der Waerden, K. De Groot, J.A. Jansen. Biomaterials 18 (1987) 483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. N. Moritz, M. Jokinen, T. Peltola, S. Areva, A. Yli-Urpo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 65 (2003) 9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. M.C. Kuo, S.K. Yen. J. Mater. Sci. 39 (2004) 2357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. L. Clèries, J.M. Fernández-Pradas, G. Sardin, J.L. Morenza. Biomaterials 19 (1998) 1483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. L. Clèries, J.M. Fernández-Pradas, J.L. Morenza. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 49 (2000) 43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. M.C. Siebers, X.F. Walboomers, S.C.G. Leeuwenburgh, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen. Biomaterials 25 (2004) 2019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. H.S. Azevedo, I.B. Leonor, C.M. Alves, R.L. Reis. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 25 (2005) 169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. J.A. Chandler, A.M. Glauert. In: X-ray Microanalysis in the Electron Microscope. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  43. D.B. Williams, C.B. Carter. In: Transmission Electron Microscopy. (Plenum, New York, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  44. R. Xin, Y. Leng, N. Wang. J. Crystal Growth 289 (2006) 339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. T. Blalock, X. Bai, A. Rabiei. Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007) 5850.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. H. Engqvist, G.A. Botton, M. Couillard, S. Mohammadi, J. Malmström, L. Emanuelsson, L. Hermansson, M.W. Phaneuf, P. Thomsen. J. Biomedical. Mater. Res. Part A 78 (2006) 20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. L.C. Feldman, J.W. Mayer. In: Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986), p. 26.

    Google Scholar 

  48. L.R. Doolittle. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 9 (1985) 344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. E. van der Wal, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen, A.M. Vredenberg. Appl. Surf. Sci. 246 (2005) 183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. A.M. Ektessabi. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 127/128 (1997) 1008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. A.M. Ektessabi, M. Hamdi. Surf. Coat. Technol. 153 (2002) 10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. K. van Dijk, C.H.M. Maree, J. Verhoeven, F.H.P.M. Habraken, J.A. Jansen, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 42 (1998) 266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. E. van der Wal. In: Bioactivity and Surface Reactivity of RF-sputtered CaP Thin Films. PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, ISBN 90-393-3491-9.

    Google Scholar 

  55. E. van der Wal, A.M. Vredenberg, P.J. Ter Brugge, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen. Biomaterials 27 (2006) 1333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. E. van der Wal, S.J. Oldenburg, T. Heij, A.W. Denier van der Gon, H.H. Brongersma, J.G.C. Wolke, J.A. Jansen, A.M. Vredenberg. Appl. Surf. Sci. 252 (2006) 3843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. M. Jelínek, V. Olšan, L. Jastrabík, V. Studnička, V. Hnatowicz, J. Kvítek, V. Havránek, T. Dostálová, I. Zergioti, A. Petrakis, E. Hontzopoulos, C. Fotakis. Thin Solid Films 257 (1995) 125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. C.C. Chusuei, D.W. Goodman, M.J. van Stipdonk, D.R. Justes, E.A. Schweikert. Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. H.B. Lu, C.T. Campbell, D.J. Graham, B.R. Ratner. Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 2886.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. R. Freeman. In: A Handbook of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. (Bath Press, Avon, UK, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  61. K. Schmidt-Rohr, H.W. Spiess. In: Multidimensional Solid-State NMR and Polymers. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  62. C. Jäger, T. Welzel, W. Meyer-Zaika, M. Epple, Magn. Reson. Chem. 44 (2006) 573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. A. Pines, M.G. Gibby, J.S. Waugh. J. Chem. Phys. 59 (1973) 569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. C. Jäger. In: Analysis of the Composition and Structure of Glass and Glass Ceramics. (Springer, New York, 1999), p. 197–232.

    Google Scholar 

  65. J.C. Elliott. Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphate. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  66. J.P. Yesinowski, H. Eckert. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 (1987) 6274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. P.S. Belton, R.K. Harris, P.J. Wilkes. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 49 (1988) 21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. W.P. Rothwell, J.S. Waugh, J.P. Yesinowski. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 2637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. L.M. Rodriguez-Lorenzo. J. Mater. Sci. Mat. Med. 16 (2005) 393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. P. Hartmann, C. Jäger, S. Barth, J. Vogel, K. Meyer, J. Solid State Chem 160 (2001) 460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. R.B. Heimann, H.V. Tran, P. Hartmann. Mat.-wiss. u.Werkstofftech. 34 (2003) 1163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. H.A. Lowenstam, S. Weiner. In: On Biomineralization. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  73. S. Mann. In: Biomineralization. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  74. S. Weiner, H.D. Wagner. Rev. Mater. Sci. 28 (1998) 271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. T. Welzel, W. Meyer-Zayka, M. Epple. Chem. Commun. 10 (2004) 1204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. J.L. Miquel, L. Facchini, A.P. Legrand, X. Marchandise, P. Lecouffe, M. Chanavaz, M. Donazzan, C. Rey, J. Lemaitre. Clin. Mater. 5 (1990) 115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. R.M. Wilson, J.C. Elliott, S.E.P. Dowker, L.M. Rodriguez-Lorenzo. Biomaterials 26 (2005) 1317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J.D. Termine, D.R. Lundy. Calcif. Tissue Res. 13 (1973) 73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. C. Rey, J.L. Miguel, L. Facchini, A.P. Legrand, M.J. Glimcher. Bone 16 (1995) 583.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. J.E. Roberts, L.C. Bonar, R.G. Griffin, M.J. Glimcher. Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (1992) 42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. C.K. Loong, C. Rey, L.T. Kuhn, C. Combes, Y. Wu, S.H. Chen, M.J. Glimcher, Bone 26 (2000) 599.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. G. Cho, Y. Wu, J.L. Ackerman. Science 300 (2003) 1123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. R.N. Panda, M.F. Hsieh, R.J. Chung, T.S. Chin. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 64 (2003) 193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. T. Isobe, S. Nakamura, R. Nemoto, M. Senna, H. Sfihi. J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 5169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. J. Valli, U. Makela, A. Matthews. Surf. Eng. 2 (1986) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  86. ASTM F1501. Standard test method for tension testing of CaP coating.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Y.C. Tsui, C. Doyle, T.W. Clyne. Biomaterials 19 (1998) 2015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. F.J. García-Sanz, M.B. Mayor, J.L. Arias, J. Pou, B. León, M. Pérez-Amor. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 8 (1997) 861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. A.J. Perry. Thin Solid Films 78 (1981) 77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. P.J. Burnett, D.S. Rickerby. Thin Solid Films 154 (1987) 403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. V. Bellido-González, N. Stefanopoulos, F. Deguilhen. Surf. Coat. Technol. 74–75 (1995) 884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. EN 1071-3. Advanced Technical Ceramics Methods of Test for Ceramic Coatings. Part 3. Determination of Adhesion and Other Mechanical Failure Modes by a Scratch Test.

    Google Scholar 

  93. L. Clèries, E. Martínez, J.M. Fernández-Pradas, G. Sardin, J. Esteve, J.L. Morenza. Biomaterials 21 (2000) 967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. J. Valli. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 (1986) 3007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. P.A. Steinmann, Y. Tardy, H.E. Hintermann. Thin Solid Films 154 (1987) 333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. G.M. Pharr, W.C. Oliver. MRS Bull 17 (1992) 28.

    Google Scholar 

  97. W.C. Oliver, G.M. Pharr. J. Mater. Res. 7 (1992) 1564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. ISO 14577-1:2002. Metallic Materials: Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters.

    Google Scholar 

  99. M.F. Doerner, W.D. Nix. J. Mater. Res. 1 (1986) 601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the following persons for helpful comments and useful discussions: Frank Malz, Sergey Maltsev, Mario Fichera, Edwin van der Wal, Eugenio Solla, Lourdes Rial, and Antonio Riveiro.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Philips Research, High Tech Campus 34, Eindhoven, 5656 AE, The Netherlands

    Bas Feddes

Authors
  1. Bas Feddes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pio González
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Julia Serra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Juan Pou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stefano Chiussi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Joop G. C. Wolke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Christian Jäger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bas Feddes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

    About this chapter

    Cite this chapter

    Feddes, B. et al. (2009). Characterization of Thin Calcium Phosphate Coating. In: León, B., Jansen, J. (eds) Thin Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Medical Implants. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77718-4_3

    Download citation

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation