Abstract
Zinc transport through the systemic circulation can be viewed from many different perspectives. In the past, attention has been paid to the zinc concentration and zinc-binding proteins. More recently, the dynamic nature of zinc-binding constituents of the plasma as a metabolic compartment has been defined. Indeed, evidence suggests that hormonal regulation of cellular processes dramatically influences zinc in the systemic circulation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Assadi FK, Ziar M (1986) Zinc status of infants with fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatr Res 20: 551–554
Atkinson RL, Dahms WT, Bray GA, Jacob R, Sandstead HH (1978) Plasma zinc and copper in obesity and after intestinal bypass. Ann Intern Med 89: 491–493
Babcock AK, Henkin RI, Aamodt RL, Foster DM, Berman M (1982) Effects of oral zinc loading on zinc metabolism in humans. II. In vivo kinetics. Metabolism 31: 335–347
Baracos V, Rodemann HP, Dinarello CA, Goldbert AL (1983) Stimulation of muscle protein degradation and prostaglandin E2 release by leukocytic pyrogen (Interleukin-1). N Engl J Med 308: 553–558
Blalock TL, Dunn MA, Cousins RJ (1988) Metallothionein gene expression in rats: tissue-specific regulation by dietary copper and zinc. J. Nutr 118: 222–228
Bloxam DL, Tan JCY, Parkinson CE (1984) Non-protein bound zinc concentration in human
plasma and amniotic fluid measured by ultrafiltration. Clin Chim Acta 144: 81–93
Bogden JD, Troiano RA (1978) Plasma calcium, copper, magnesium, and zinc concentrations in
patients with the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Clin Chem 24: 1553–1556
Boyett JD, Sullivan JF (1973) Distribution of protein-bound zinc in normal and cirrhotic serum. Metabolism 19: 148–157
Brady FO (1981) Synthesis of rat hepatic zinc thionein in response to the stress of sham operation. Life Sci 28: 1647–1654
Breskin MW, Worthington-Roberts BS, Knopp RH et al. (1983) First trimester serum zinc concentrations in human pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 38: 943–953
Canfield WK, Menge R, Walravens PA, Hambidge KM (1980) Plasma zinc values in children recovering from protein-energy malnutrition. J Pediatr 97: 87–89
Cannon JG, Kluger MJ (1983) Endogenous pyrogen activity in human plasma after exercise. Science 220: 617–619
Casey CE, Walravens PA, Hambidge KM (1981) Availability of zinc: loading tests with human milk, cow’s milk, and infant formulas. Pediatrics 68: 394–396
Charlwood PA (1979) The relative affinity of transferrin and albumin for zinc. Biochim Biophys Acta 581: 260–265
Chesters JK, Will M (1978) The assessment of zinc status of an animal from the uptake of 65Zn by the cells of whole blood in vitro. Br J Nutr 38: 297–306
Chesters JK, Will M (1981) Zinc transport proteins in plasma. Br J Nutr 46: 111–118
Chvapil ML, Stankova L, Weldy P et al. (1982) The role of zinc in the function of some
inflammatory cells: clinical, biochemical and nutritional aspects of trace elements. Curr Top
Nutr Dis 6: 1–577
Cousins RJ (1985) Absorption, transport, and hepatic metabolism of copper and zinc: special reference to metallothionein and ceruloplasmin. Physiol Rev 65: 238–309
Cousins RJ, Dunn MA, Leinart AS, Yedinak KC, DiSilvestro RA (1986) Coordinate regulation
of zinc metabolism and metallothionein gene expression in rats. Am J Physiol 251: E688–E694 Dennes E, Tupper R, Wormall A (1962) Studies on zinc in blood. Transport of zinc and
incorporation of zinc in leucocytes. Biochem J 82: 466–476
Dinarello CA (1984) Interleukin-1 and the pathogenesis of the acute-phase response. N Engl J Med 311: 1413–1418
DiSilvestro RA, Cousins RJ (1984a) Mediation of endotoxin-induced changes in zinc metabolism in rats. Am J Physiol 247: E436 - E441
DiSilvestro RA, Cousins RJ (1984b) Glucocorticoid independent mediation of interleukin-1
induced changes in serum zinc and liver metallothionein levels. Life Sci 35: 2113–2118 Dreosti IE, Tao SH, Hurley LS (1968) Plasma zinc and leukocyte changes in weanling and
pregnant rats during zinc deficiency. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 128: 169–174
Dunn MA, Cousins RJ (1987) Regulation of metallothionein gene transcription and kinetics of zinc metabolism by dibutyryl-cAMP. Fed Proc 46: 1643 (abs)
Ebadi M, Wilt S, Ramaley R, Swanson S, Mebus C (1984) The role of zinc and zinc-binding
proteins in regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase in brain. Chem Biol Aspects A: 255–275 Ellul-Micallef R, Galdes A, Frenech FF (1976) Serum zinc levels in corticosteroid-treated asthmatic
patients. Postgrà d Med J 52:,148–150
Etzel KR, Shapiro SG, Cousins RJ (1979) Regulation of liver metallothionein and plasma zinc
by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 89: 1120–1126
Etzel KR, Swerdel MR, Swerdel JN, Cousins RJ (1982) Endotoxin-induced changes in copper
and zinc metabolism in the syrian hamster. J Nutr 112: 2363–2373
Evans GW, Winter TW (1975) Zinc transport by transferrin in rat portal blood plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 66: 1218–1224
Failla ML, Cousins RJ (1978a) Zinc uptake by isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 538: 435–444
Failla ML, Cousins RJ (1978b) Zinc accumulation and metabolism in primary cultures of rat liver cells: regulation by glucocorticoids. Biochim Biophys Acta 543: 293–304
Failla ML, Van de Veerdonk M, Morgand WT, Smith JC (1982) Characterization of zinc-binding proteins of plasma in familial hyperzincemia. J Lab Clin Med 100: 943–952
Failla ML, Craft ME, Weinberg GA (1983) Depressed response of plasma iron and zinc to
endotoxin and LEM in STZ-diabetic rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 172: 445–448
Falchuk KH (1977) Effect of acute disease and ACTH on serum zinc proteins. N Engl J Med
-1134
Feaster JP, Hansard SL, McCall JT, Davis GK (1955) Absorption, deposition and placental transfer of zinc in the rat. Am J Physiol 181: 287–290
Fenton MR, Burke JP (1983) Changes in serum, liver, and tumor zinc levels during plasmacytoma growth in BALB/c mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 173: 390–397
Fickel JJ, Freeland-Graves JH, Roby MJ (1986) Zinc tolerance tests in zinc deficient and zinc supplemented diets. Am J Clin Nutr 43: 47–58
Fleming CR, Smith LM, Hodges RE (1976) Essential fatty acid deficiency in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 29: 976–983
Flynn A (1984) Stimulation of interleukin-1 production from placental monocytes. Lymphokine Res 3: 1–5
Flynn A, Pories WJ, Strain WH, Hill OA, Fratianne RB (1971) Rapid serum-zinc depletion associated with corticosteroid therapy. Lancet II: 1169–1172
Foote JW, Delves HT (1984) Albumin bound and a2 macroglobulin bound zinc concentrations in the sera of healthy adults. J Clin Pathol 37: 1050–1054
Freeman RM, Taylor PR (1977) Influence of histidine administration on zinc metabolism in the rat. Am J Clin Nutr 30: 523–527
Gardiner PE, Rosick E, Rosick U, Bratter P, Kynast G (1982) The application of gel filtration, immunonephelometry and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to the study of the distribution of copper-, iron-and zinc-bound constituents in human amniotic fluid. Clin Chim Acta 120: 103–117
Ghishan FK, Greene HL (1983) Fetal alcohol syndrome: failure of zinc supplementation to reverse the effect of ethanol on placental transport of zinc. Pediatr Res 17: 529–531
Ghishan FK, Patwardhan R, Greene HL (1982) Fetal alcohol syndrome: inhibition of placental zinc transport as a potential mechanism for fetal growth retardation in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 100: 45–52
Giroux EL (1975) Determination of zinc distribution between albumin and a2 macroglobulin in human serum. Biochem Med 12: 258–266
Giroux EL, Durieux M, Schechter PJ (1976) A study of zinc distribution in human serum. Bioinorg Chem 5: 211–218
Goldblum SE, Cohen DA, Jay M, McClain CJ (1987) Interleukin 1-induced depression of iron and zinc: role of granulocytes and lactoferrin. Am J Physiol 252: E27 - E32
Golden BE, Golden MHN (1981) Plasma zinc, rate of weight gain, and the energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition on a cow’s milk or soya protein based diet. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 892–899
Gordon PR, Woodruff CW, Anderson HL, O’Dell BL (1982) Effect of acute zinc deprivation on
plasma zinc and platelet aggregation in adult males. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 113–119
Hallbook T, Hedelin H (1978) Changes in serum zinc and copper induced by operative trauma
and effects of pre-and postoperative zinc infusion. Acta Chir Scand 144: 423–426
Hallman PS, Perrin DD, Watt AE (1971) The computed distribution of copper (II) and zinc (II )
ions among seventeen amino acids present in human blood plasma. Biochem J 121: 549–555 Harris WR (1983) Thermodynamic binding constants of the zinc-human serum transferr in complex.
Biochemistry 22: 3920–3926
Hartoma TR, Sotaniemi EA, Pelkonen O, Ahlqvist J (1977) Serum zinc and serum copper and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 12: 147–151
Henkin RI (1974) Metal-albumin-amino acid interactions: chemical and physiological relationships.
In: Friedman M (ed) Protein-metal interactions. Plenum, New York, pp 299–328
Henkin RI, Foster DM, Aamodt RL, Berman M (1984) Zinc metabolism in adrenal cortical
insufficiency: effects of carbohydrate-active steroids. Metabolism 33: 491–502
Henry RW, Elmes ME (1975) Plasma zinc in acute starvation. Br Med J 4: 625–626
Hess FM, King JC, Margen S (1977) Zinc excretion in young women on low zinc intakes and oral contraceptive agents. J Nutr 107: 1610–1620
Hildalgo J, Armario A, Flos R, Garvey JS (1986) Restraint stress induced changes in rat liver and serum metallothionein and in Zn metabolism. Experientia 42: 1006–1010
Hurley LS, Gordon P, Keen CL, Merkhofer L (1982) Circadian variation in rat plasma zinc and rapid effect of dietary zinc deficiency. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 170: 48–52
Itoh M, Ebadi M, Swanson S (1983) The presence of zinc-binding proteins in brain. J Neurochem 41: 823–829
Jain RK, Gerlowski LE, Weissbrod JM, Wang J, Pierson RN (1981) Kinetics of uptake, distribution, and excretion of zinc in rats. Ann Biomed Eng 9: 347–361
Kampschmidt RF, Upchurch HF (1970) The effect of endogenous pyrogen on the plasma zinc concentration of the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 134: 1150–1152
Keppen LD, Pysher T, Rennert OM (1985) Zinc deficiency acts as a co-teratogen with alcohol in fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatr Res 19: 944–947
Klasing KC (1984) Effect of inflammatory agents and interleukin-1 on iron and zinc metabolism. Am J Physiol 247: R901 - R904
Klasing KC, Richards MP, Darcey SE, Laurin DE (1987) Presence of acute phase changes in
zinc, iron, and copper metabolism in turkey embryos. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 184: 7–13 Kokoglu E, Guner G, Guner A (1983) Tumoural and normal brain tissue levels of zinc in man.
IRCS Med Sci 11: 848
Kruckeberg WC, Brewer GJ (1978) The mechanism and control of human erythrocyte zinc uptake. Med Biol 56: 5–10
Laitinen R, Simes ASI, Vuori E, Salmela SS (1984) Amniotic fluid zinc in risk pregnancies. Biol Trace Element Res 6: 415–421
Lau AL, Failla ML (1984) Urinary excretion of zinc, copper and iron in the streptozotocindiabetic rat. J Nutr 114: 224–233
Lifschitz MD, Henkin RI (1971) Circadian variation in copper and zinc in man. J Appl Physiol 31: 88–92
Lindeman RD, Baxter DJ, Yunice AA, Kraikitpanitch S (1978) Serum concentrations and urinary excretions of zinc in cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Am J Med Sci 275: 17–31
Ludvigsen C, McDaniel M, Lacy PE (1979) The mechanism of zinc uptake in isolated islets of Langerhans. Diabetes 28: 570–576
Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Klevay LM, Milne DB, Sandstead HH (1984) Changes in plasma
zinc content after exercise in men fed a low-zinc diet. Am J Physiol 247: E88–E93
McClain CJ, Twyman DL, Ott LG et al. (1986) Serum and urine zinc response in head-injured
patients. J Neurosurg 64: 224–230
McCormick CC, Menard PM, Cousins PJ (1981) Induction of hepatic metallothionein by feeding zinc to rats of depleted zinc status. Am J Physiol 240: E414 - E421
Mahajan SK, Prasad AS, Rabbani P, Briggs WA, McDonald FD (1979) Zinc metabolism in uremia. J Lab Clin Med 94: 693–698
Menard PM, McCormick CC, Cousins RJ (1981) Regulation of intestinal metallothionein biosynthesis in rats by dietary zinc. J Nutr 111: 1353–1361
Milne DB, Ralston NVC, Wallwork JC (1985) Zinc content of cellular components of blood: methods for cell separation and analysis evaluated. Clin Chem 31: 65–69
Montgomery DW, Dannenfelser SW, Chvapil M, Zukoski CF (1977) Characteristics of “Zinc uptake in vitro by human lymphocytes. Fed Proc 36: 4784 (abs)
Morgan WT (1981) Interactions of the histidine-rich glycoprotein of serum with metals. Biochemistry 20: 1054–1061
Moser PB, Borel J, Majerus T, Anderson RA (1985) Serum zinc and urinary zinc excretion of trauma patients. Nutr Res 5: 253–261
Neldner KH, Hambidge KM (1975) Zinc therapy of acrodermatitis enteropathica. N Engl J Med 292: 879–882
Oh SH, Deagan JT, Whanger PD, Weswig PH (1978) Biological function of metallothionein. V. Its induction in rats by various stresses. Am J Physiol 234: E282 - E285
Ohno H, Doi R, Yamamura K et al. (1985) A study of zinc distribution in erythrocytes of normal humans. Blut 50: 113–116
Parisi AF, Vallee BL (1970) Isolation of a zinc aZ macroglobulin from human serum. Biochemistry 9: 2421–2426
Patierno SR, Costa M, Lewis VM, Peavy DL (1983) Inhibition of LPS toxicity for macrophages by metallothionein-inducing agents. J Immunol 130: 1924–1929
Pattison SE, Cousins RJ (1986a) Kinetics of zinc uptake and exchange by primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 250: E677 - E685
Pattison SE, Cousins RJ (1986b) Zinc uptake and metabolism by hepatocytes. Fed Proc 45: 2805–2809
Pecoud A, Donzel P, Schelling JL (1975) Effect of foodstuffs on the absorption of zinc sulfate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17: 469–474
Pekarek RS, Beisel WR (1971) Characterization of the endogenous mediator(s) of serum zinc and
iron depression during infection and other stresses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138: 728–732 Phillips JL, Tuley JA, Bowman RP (1977) Zinc uptake in normal and leukemic lymphocytes:
effect of poly-L-ornithine. J Natl Cancer Inst 58: 1229–1231
Powanda MC, Villarreal Y, Rodriguez, E, Braxton G, Kennedy CR (1980) Redistribution of zinc within burned and burned infected rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 163: 296–301
Prasad AS, Oberleas D (1970) Binding of zinc to amino acids and serum proteins in vitro. J Lab Clin Med 76: 416–425
Prasad AS, Rabbani P, Abbasii A, Bowersox E, Fox MRS (1978) Experimental zinc deficiency in humans. Ann Intern Med 89: 483–490
Rebello T, Atherton DJ, Holden C (1986) The effect of oral zinc administration on sebum free fatty acids in acne vulgaris. Acta Derm Venereol 66: 305–310
Richards MP, Cousins RJ (1976) Metallothionein and its relationship to the metabolism of dietary zinc in rats. J Nutr 106: 1591–1599
Rosick E, Rosick U, Bratter P, Kynast G (1983) Trace element levels of amniotic fluid at term
in normal and high risk pregnancies. Trace Elem Ann Chem Med Biol 2: 463–482
Saltman P, Boroughs H (1960) The accumulation of zinc by fish liver slices. Arch Biochem
Biophys 86: 169–174
Sas B, Bremner I (1979) Effect of acute stress on the absorption and distribution of zinc and on
Zn-metallothionein production in the liver of the chick. J Inorg Biochem 11: 67–69
Sato M, Mehra RK, Bremner I (1984) Measurement of plasma metallothionein-I in the assessment
of the zinc status of zinc-deficient and stressed rats. J Nutr 114: 1683–1689
Schechter PJ, Giroux EL, Schlienger JL, Hoenig V, Sjoerdsma A (1976) Distribution of serum zinc between blumin and a2 macroglobulin in patients with decompensated hepatic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Invest 6: 147–150
Schmetterer G (1978) ATP dependent uptake of zinc by human erythrocyte ghosts. Z Naturforsch 33: 210–215
Scott BJ, Bradwell AR (1983) Identification of the serum binding proteins for iron, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and calcium. Clin Chem 29: 629–633
Shanklin SH, Miller ER, Ullrey DE, Hoefer JA, Luecke RW (1968) Zinc requirement of baby pigs on casein diets. J Nutr 96: 101–108
Smith JC, Holbrook JT, Danford DE (1985) Analysis and evaluation of zinc and copper in human plasma and serum. J Am Coll Nutr 4: 627–638
Smith KT, Failla ML, Cousins RJ (1979) Identification of albumin as the plasma carrier for zinc absorption by perfused rat intestine. Biochem J 184: 627–633
Sobocinski PZ, Canterbury WJ (1982) Hepatic metallothionein induction in inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 210: 354–367
Sobocinski PZ, Canterbury WJ, Mapes CA, Dinterman RE (1978) Involvement of hepatic metallothioneins in hypozincemia associated with bacterial infection. Am J Physiol 234: E399 - E406
Solomons NW, Cousins RJ (1984) Zinc. In: Rosenberg IH, Solomons NW (eds) Absorption and malabsorption of mineral nutrients. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 125–197
Solomons NW, Jacob RA (1981) Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in humans; effects of heure and nonheme iron on the absorption of zinc. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 475–482
Sullivan JF, Burch RE, Quigley HJ, Magee DF (1974) Zinc deficiency and decreased pancreatic secretory response. Am J Physiol 227: 105–108
Sullivan JF, Jetton MM, Burch RE (1979) A zinc tolerance test. J Lab Clin Med 93: 485–492
Suso FA, Edwards HM (1972) Binding of EDTA histidine and acetylsalicylic acid to zinc-protein complex in intestinal content, intestinal mucosa and blood plasma. Nature 236: 230–232
Suzuki KT, Ohta K, Sunaga H, Sugihira N (1986) Transport and distribution of copper injected into an albumin-deficient (analbuminemic) rat. Comp Biochem Physiol 84C: 29–34
Svenson KLG, Hallgren R, Johansson E, Lindh U (1985) Reduced zinc in peripheral blood cells from patients with inflammatory connective tissue diseases. Inflammation 9: 189–197
Swanson CA, King JC (1983) Reduced serum zinc concentration during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 62: 313–318
Terry CW, Terry BE, Davies J (1960) Transfer of zinc65 across the placenta and fetal membranes of the rabbit. Am J Physiol 198: 303–308
Tucker SB, Schroeter AL, Brown PW, McCall JT (1976) Acquired zinc deficiency; cutaneous
manifestations typical of acrodermatitis enteropathica. J Am Med Ass 235: 2399–2402 Ujjani B, Krakower G, Bachowski G, Krezoski S, Shaw CF, Petering DH (1986) Host zinc
metabolism and the Ehrlich ascites tumour. Biochem J 233: 99–105
Underwood EJ (1977) Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp 196–242
Vallee BL (1959) Biochemistry, physiology and pathology of zinc. Physiol Rev 39: 443–490 Vander AJ, Victery W, Germain C, Holloway D (1983) Insulin is a physiological inhibitor of urinary zinc excretion in anesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol 244: E536 - E540
Vanderhoof JA, Scopinaro N, Tuma DJ, Gianetta E, Civalleri D, Antonson DL (1983) Hair and plasma zinc levels following exclusion of biliopancreatic secretions from functioning gastrointestinal tract in humans. Dig Dis Sci 28: 300–305
Van Miert ASJPAM, Van Duin CTM, Verheigden JHM, Schotman AJH, Nieuwenhuis J (1984) Fever and changes in plasma zinc and iron concentrations in the goat: the role of leukocytic pyrogen. J Comp Pathol 94: 543–557
Van Rij AM, Godfrey PJ, McKenzie JM (1979) Amino acid infusions and urinary zinc excretion. J Surg Res 26: 293–299
Victery W, Thomas D, Schoeps P, Vander AJ (1982) Lead increases urinary zinc excretion in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 4: 211–219
Weismann K, Hoyer H (1986) Serum zinc levels during oral glucocorticoid therapy. J Invest Dermatol 86: 715–716
Whitehouse RC, Prasad AS, Rabbani PI et al. (1982) Zinc in plasma, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clin Chem 28: 475–480
Wilkins PJ, Grey PC, Dreosti IE (1972) Plasma zinc as an indicator of zinc status in rats. Br J Nutr 26: 113–120
Williams RB, Russell RM, Dutta SK, Giovetti AC (1979) Alcoholic pancreatitis: patients at high risk of acute zinc deficiency. Am J Med 66: 889–893
Yamashita K, Ohno H, Doi R et al. (1985) Distribution of zinc and copper in maternal and cord blood at delivery. Biol Neonate 48: 362–365
Yunice AA, King RW, Kraikitpanitch S, Haygood CC, Lindeman RD (1978) Urinary zinc excretion following infusions of zinc sulfate, cysteine, histidine, or glycine. Am J Physiol 235: F40 - F45
Zumkley H, Zidek W, Bertram HP (1984) Zinc substitution in renal insufficiency. Trace Elem Med 1: 43–46
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cousins, R.J. (1989). Systemic Transport of Zinc. In: Mills, C.F. (eds) Zinc in Human Biology. ILSI Human Nutrition Reviews. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3879-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3879-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3881-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3879-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive