Abstract
In this paper we study an attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system with a free boundary in one space dimension. First, under some conditions, we investigate existence, uniqueness and uniform estimates of the global solution. Next, we prove a spreading–vanishing dichotomy for this model. In the vanishing case, the species fail to establish and die out in the long run. In the spreading case, we provide some sufficient conditions to prove that the species successfully spread to infinity as \(t\rightarrow\infty\) and stabilize at a constant equilibrium state. The criteria for spreading and vanishing are also obtained.
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1 Introduction
This paper is devoted to studying the dynamics of solutions to the following attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system with a free boundary:
where \(u(t,x)\) represents the population density of mobile species, \(v_{1}(t,x)\) represents the population density of a chemoattractant, \(v_{2}(t,x)\) represents the population density of a chemorepulsion. The right-hand side of the first equation in (1.1) is a logistic reaction term \(u(a-bu)\). The coefficient a represents the intrinsic growth rate of the cells, b measures its intraspecific competition, \(\chi_{1}\geq0\) and \(\chi_{2}\geq0\) represent the chemotaxis, and the positive constants \(\lambda_{1}\), \(\lambda_{2}\), \(\mu_{1}\) and \(\mu_{2}\) are related to growth rate of the chemical substances. The initial functions \(u_{0}(x)\), \(v^{0}_{i}(x)\) satisfy
here \(C_{b}([0,+\infty))\) is the space of continuous and bounded functions in \([0,+\infty)\).
The free boundary \(x=h(t)\) represents the spreading front, the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition at \(x=0\) indicates that the left boundary is fixed and no species cross the left boundary, while the species only spreads to the right-hand side. The equation governing the free boundary, \(h'(t)=-\mu u_{x}(t,h(t))\), is a special case of the well-known Stefan condition arising from the investigation of the melting of ice in contact with water [26]. At present, it was used to describe the invasion of species [22, 23].
When \(h(t)\equiv\mathrm{const.}\) and \(\chi_{2}=\mu_{2}=\lambda_{2}=0\), system (1.1) is a classical model of chemotaxis in one dimension \(n=1\), which was first introduced by Keller and Segel in [16, 17]. In the case \(a=b=0\), this system is proved to have finite time blowing up solutions for large enough initial conditions in dimensions \(n\geq2\) (see [24, 25]), but for \(n=1\) there is no blow up. Since the works by Keller and Segel, a rich variety of mathematical models for studying chemotaxis have appeared (see [1, 24, 25, 27,28,29, 45] and the references therein). In [28], Salako and Shen considered an attraction–repulsion chemotaxis systems with proliferation and death of cells and assumed that chemicals diffuse very quickly. They investigated the global existence of classical solutions, stability of constant equilibria and spreading speed of attraction–repulsion chemotaxis systems with a logistic source on \(\mathbb{R}^{N}\). Salako and Shen [29] have further studied traveling wave solutions of the attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system. Moreover, attraction–repulsion chemotaxis systems on bounded domains have been studied in many papers (see [14, 20, 21, 43, 44, 50] and the references therein).
In many realistic modeling situations, species have a tendency to emigrate from the boundary, to obtain their new habitat and improve the living environment. Hence, it is more reasonable to consider the domain with a free boundary. Motivated by the work of Du and Lin [7], there have been many theoretical developments on the free boundary problem in various environments (see [2, 4,5,6, 8, 10,11,12,13, 18, 19, 30,31,32, 34, 35, 40, 41, 46, 47, 49, 51]). For example, the authors of [5, 35] dealt with the equation with a free boundary in time-periodic environment. The authors of [4, 6] considered the higher dimensions’ and heterogeneous environment case, while the authors of [31, 32, 34, 41, 46, 51] have studied two species predator–prey models with a free boundary. Wang and Wang [31] considered the diffusive Beddington–DeAngelis predator–prey model with nonlinear prey-taxis and free boundary. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work concerning the free boundary problem of chemotaxis systems. Other works for various species competition systems with free boundaries can be found in [8, 10, 12, 13, 40, 47, 49]. The authors of [11, 18, 19, 30] considered the transmission of viruses and diseases by using a free boundary. For the study of free boundary problems for other biological models, please refer to [3,4,5,6,7, 9, 15, 33, 35, 36, 48, 52] and the references therein.
The main intention of this paper is to analyze the dynamical behavior of model (1.1) when both chemo-attraction and chemo-repulsion are present. Compared with [28], due to the influence of the free boundary, we derive different dynamic behaviors of species. Precisely, we prove a spreading–vanishing dichotomy for this model, that is, the species either fails to establish and vanishes eventually (called vanishing) or the species successfully spreads to infinity as \(t\rightarrow\infty\) and stabilizes at a constant equilibrium state under some sufficient conditions (called spreading). In other words, the solution \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) of (1.1) exhibits the following behavior:
-
(i)
Vanishing: if \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}h(t)<\infty \), then we have \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\|u(t,x)\| _{C([0,h(t)])}=0\), \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}v_{i}(t,x)=0\), \(i=1,2\), uniformly in \([0,+\infty)\).
-
(ii)
Spreading: if \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty }h(t)=\infty\),
$$ b>\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-\chi_{2} \mu_{2}+K, $$(1.3)where
$$\begin{aligned} K :=&\min \biggl\{ \frac{1}{\lambda_{2}} \bigl( \bigl\vert \chi_{1} \mu_{1}\lambda_{1}-\chi _{2}\mu_{2} \lambda_{2} \bigr\vert +\chi_{1}\mu_{1} \bigl\vert \lambda_{1}-\lambda_{2} \bigr\vert \bigr), \\ &\frac {1}{\lambda_{1}} \bigl( \bigl\vert \chi_{1}\mu_{1} \lambda_{1}-\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda _{2} \bigr\vert +\chi_{2}\mu_{2} \bigl\vert \lambda_{1}- \lambda_{2} \bigr\vert \bigr) \biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$(1.4)then we have
$$\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}u(t,x)=\frac{a}{b},\qquad \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty}v_{i}(t,x)=\frac{\mu_{i}}{\lambda_{i}} \frac{a}{b},\quad i=1,2, $$uniformly in any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
For the spreading case, condition (1.3) is similar to that in [28]; however, we use different approaches compared to [28] to obtain this convergence result, due to different boundary conditions. In mathematics, it is difficult to find a pair of upper and lower solutions at once to squeeze the solution of problem (1.1). To overcome the difficulty, we first prove Lemmas 3.4–3.5 which will be used to establish the main Theorem 3.6. Second, we construct a super/sub-solution to compare with the solution of (1.1). Using an iterative method, we construct more suitable upper and lower solution sequences \(\{\overline{u}_{i}\} \) and \(\{\underline{u}_{i}\}\). Finally, by the monotone convergence theorem, we derive the exact long time behavior of the solution. We also prove that the limits of sequences \(\{\underline{u}_{i}\}\) and \(\{ \overline{u}_{i}\}\) both converge to \(a/b\), which involves applying some new ideas and techniques (see Theorem 3.6).
The organization of this paper is as follows. In Sect. 2, we give the proof of the global existence, uniqueness and estimates of \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\). Section 3 is devoted to the long time behavior of \((u,v_{1},v_{2})\). In Sect. 4, we give some sufficient conditions of spreading and vanishing. The paper ends with a brief conclusion.
2 Global existence, uniqueness and estimates of the solution
In this section, we give the existence and uniqueness results. The proof of the local existence and uniqueness can be done by modifying the arguments of [36]. Define the kernel function
If \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) is a solution of (1.1), then
Thus equation (1.1) is equivalent to the following problem:
Lemma 2.1
For any given \(\theta\in(0,1)\), \(p\geq3/(1-\theta)\) and
where
with
the following is true:
-
(i)
There exists a \(T>0\) such that problem (1.1) admits a unique solution
$$\begin{aligned} (u,v_{1},v_{2},h) \in& W^{1,2}_{p}(D_{T}) \cap C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta }(\overline{D}_{T})\times \bigl[C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta } \bigl(D_{v}^{T}\bigr) \bigr]^{2} \\ &{}\times C^{1+\theta/2}\bigl([0,T]\bigr), \end{aligned}$$(2.7)where \(D_{T}:= \{(t,x)\in\mathbb{R}^{2}: t\in(0,T), x\in [0,h(t)] \}\), \(D_{v}^{T}:= \{(t,x)\in\mathbb{R}^{2}: t\in (0,T), x\in[0,\infty) \}\), and C is independent of T.
-
(ii)
Let \(0<\tau<\infty\) and \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\in W^{1,2}_{p}(D_{\tau})\cap C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta}(\overline{D}_{\tau})\times [C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta}(D_{v}^{\tau}) ]^{2}\times C^{1+\theta /2}([0,\tau])\) be the unique solution of (1.1). Then we have
$$\begin{aligned}& 0< u(t,x) \\& \hphantom{0}\leq\max \biggl\{ \frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-H}, \| u_{0} \|_{L^{\infty}} \biggr\} \\& \hphantom{0}\triangleq R_{1} \quad \textit{for } t\in(0,\tau ), x \in\bigl[0,h(t)\bigr), \end{aligned}$$(2.8)$$\begin{aligned}& 0< v_{i}(t,x) \\& \hphantom{0}\leq\max \biggl\{ \frac{\mu_{i}}{\lambda_{i}}\frac{a}{b+\chi _{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-H}, \frac{\mu_{i}}{\lambda_{i}}\|u_{0}\| _{L^{\infty}} \biggr\} \\& \hphantom{0}\quad \textit{for } t\in(0,\tau),\quad x\in[0,+ \infty), \end{aligned}$$(2.9)$$\begin{aligned}& 0< h'(t)\leq C \quad \textit{for } t\in(0,\tau), \end{aligned}$$(2.10)where the positive constant C is independent of τ.
Proof
As in [36], we first straighten the free boundary and define
Then it follows from (2.3) that \((w(t,y),h(t))\) satisfies
and
where \(\zeta(t)=h^{-2}(t)\), \(\xi(t)=\frac{h'(t)}{h(t)}\). Now problem (2.11) is an initial-boundary value problem with a fixed boundary. We shall use the fixed point theorem to prove the existence of solution \((w,h)\) to (2.11) and (2.12). Let \(\tilde{h}=-\mu u_{0}'(h_{0})\), \(T_{1}=\min\{1,\frac{h_{0}}{2(2+\tilde {h})}\}\). For \(0< T\leq T_{1}\), we set
Clearly, \(H_{T}\) is a bounded and closed convex set of \(C^{1}([0,T])\). For the given \(h\in H_{T}\), we can extend h to a new function, still denoted by h, such that \(h\in H_{T_{1}}\), where
Therefore, when \(h\in H_{T}\), we have \(h\in H_{T_{1}}\) and
which yields
Thus, for the given \(h\in H_{T}\), the functions \(\zeta(t)\) and \(\xi (t)\) are well defined on \([0,T_{1}]\). Let \(R_{1}\triangleq\max\{\frac {a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-H}, \|u_{0}\|_{L^{\infty}}\}\) where H is given by (2.5). Define \(\Delta_{T_{1}}=[0,T_{1}]\times [0,1]\) and
Obviously, \(W_{T_{1}}\) is a bounded and closed convex set of \(C(\Delta _{T_{1}})\). For the given \(w\in W_{T_{1}}\), we have the following initial-boundary value problem
For the given \(w\in W_{T_{1}}\), we obtain
In order to prove that \(0\leq\overline{w}(t,y)\leq R_{1}\), we need the following estimate. Using (2.14), we have
Similarly, we have
Thus, it follows from (2.15) and (2.16) that for every \(w\in W_{T_{1}}\), we have
where H is given by (2.5). Thus in view of (2.13) and (2.17), we have
Note that
Hence, using the comparison principle for parabolic equations, we obtain that
Applying the maximum principle, we infer that \(\overline{w}>0\) in \((0,T_{1}]\times[0,1)\). Hence w̅ is a bounded function. Straightforward calculation yields
Thus,
By the standard method (the upper and lower solutions method, or the contraction mapping theory, for example), we can show that there exists \(0< T_{*}\leq T_{1}\), depending only on \(\Lambda=\{R_{1}, \chi_{i}, \mu_{i}, \lambda_{i},h_{0},\tilde{h},\|u_{0}\|_{W^{2,p}([0,h_{0}])},i=1,2\}\), such that problem (2.13) admits a unique solution \(\overline{w}\in W^{1,2}_{p}(\Delta_{T_{*}})\hookrightarrow C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta }(\Delta_{T_{*}})\), which satisfies
where
It follows from (2.18) and (2.19) that the bound of the right-hand side of the first equation in (2.13) depends only on Λ. We may think that \(T_{*}\) depends only on Λ and write \(C_{1}(\Lambda,T_{*},T^{-1}_{*})\) as \(C_{1}(\Lambda)\). That is,
Therefore, when \(0< T\leq T^{*}\), the unique solution \(\overline{w}(t,y)\) of (2.13) satisfies
We now define \(\digamma:W_{T}\rightarrow C(\Delta_{T})\) by
It follows from (2.18) and (2.20) that Ϝ maps \(W_{T}\) into itself.
Next, we prove that Ϝ is a contraction mapping on \(W_{T}\) for \(T>0\) sufficiently small. Indeed, let \(w_{i}\in W_{T}\) (i=1,2) and denote \(\overline{w}_{i}=\digamma(w_{i})\). Then it follows from (2.21) that
Setting \(U=\overline{w}_{1}-\overline{w}_{2}\), we find that \(U(t,y)\) satisfies
where \(\zeta(t)=\zeta(h(t))\) and \(\xi(t)=\xi(h(t),h'(t))\),
Applying the classical \(L^{p}\) estimates for parabolic equations and (2.19), we obtain
Using Hölder’s inequality and (2.22), we have
where \(C_{2}\) is a constant independent on \(T^{-1}\). We choose T small enough such that \(C_{2}T^{p}<1\). This shows that for this T, Ϝ is a contraction mapping on \(W_{T}\). It now follows from the contraction mapping theorem that Ϝ has a unique fixed point \(w\in W_{T}\). Therefore, (2.11) has a unique solution \(w(t,y)\).
By the continuous dependence on the given data, in the space \(C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta}(\Delta_{T})\), w depends continuously on \(h\in H_{T}\). For such a defined function w, the initial value problem (2.12) has a unique solution, denoted by \(\overline {h}(t)=\overline{h}(t;h)\). Then \(\overline{h}(0)=h_{0}\), \(\overline {h}'(0)=\tilde{h}\) and
Clearly, in the space \(C^{1}([0,T])\), h̅ continuously depends on \(w\in C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta}(\Delta_{T})\), and hence on \(h\in H_{T}\). Now we define \(\mathcal{F }:H_{T}\rightarrow C^{1}([0,T])\) by
Obviously, \(\mathcal{F}\) is continuous in \(H_{T}\), and \(h\in H_{T}\) is a fixed point of \(\mathcal{F}\) if and only if \((w,h)\) solves (2.11) and (2.12).
According to (2.23), we know that \(\mathcal{F}\) is compact and
Hence \(\mathcal{F}\) maps \(H_{T}\) into itself if
Consequently, \(\mathcal{F}\) has at least one fixed point \(h\in H_{T}\) by Schauder’s fixed point theorem, and then (2.11) and (2.12) have at least one solution \((w,h)\) defined in \([0,T]\). Moreover, as \(w(t,y)>0\) and \(w(t,1)=0\), we deduce by Hopf’s boundary lemma that \(w_{y}(t,1)<0\), which implies \(h'(t)>0\) for \(t>0\).
Obviously, the function \(u(t,x)=w(t,h^{-1}x)\) satisfies
\((u,h)\) solves (1.1) and
Let \((w_{i},h_{i})\) with \(i=1,2\), be two local solutions of (2.11), which are defined for \(t\in[0,T]\) and \(0< T\ll1\). Notice \(h'_{i}(t)>0\). We may assume that \(h_{0}\leq h_{i}(t)\leq h_{0}+1\) in \([0,T]\), \(i=1,2\).
Setting \(\mathcal{U}=w_{1}-w_{2}\) and \(h=h_{1}-h_{2}\), we have
and
where \(\zeta_{i}(t)=\zeta(h_{i}(t))\) and \(\xi_{i}(t)=\xi (h_{i}(t),h'_{i}(t))\), \(i=1,2\),
By (2.19), \(\|w_{1}\|_{W^{1,2}_{p}}\leq C_{1}(\Lambda)\), \(0< h'_{i}(t)\leq C_{3}(\Lambda)\) and \(h_{0}\leq h_{i}(t)\leq h_{0}+1\). Applying the classical \(L^{p}\) estimates for parabolic equations, we obtain
By similar arguments as in the proof of Theorem 1.1 of [36], we can obtain that
for some positive constant C independent of \(T^{-1}\), here \([\cdot ]_{C^{\theta/2,\theta}(\Delta_{T})}\) is a Hölder seminorm. Thus,
This, combined with (2.25), yields
Because of \(h(0)=h'(0)=0\), we deduce
We can choose \(0<\hat{T}(\Lambda)\ll1\) such that, when \(0< T\leq\hat {T}(\Lambda)\), \(h_{1}=h_{2}\), and consequently \(w_{1}=w_{2}\). Hence, (1.1) has a unique local classical solution \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\), i.e., (2.7) holds.
Let \(0<\tau<\infty\) and \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\in W^{1,2}_{p}(D_{T})\cap C^{(1+\theta)/2,1+\theta}(\overline{D}_{T})\times [C^{(1+\theta )/2,1+\theta}(D_{v}^{T}) ]^{2}\times C^{1+\theta/2}([0,T])\) be the unique solution of (1.1). It follows from the maximum principle that \(u, v_{i}>0\), \(i=1,2\) in \([0,\tau]\times[0,h(t))\). Thus, \(u_{x}(t,h(t))<0\) for \(t\in(0,\tau]\), and we see from (1.1) that \(h'(t)>0\) in \((0,\tau]\).
According to (2.24), we have
Applying the maximum principle to the second and third equations in (1.1), we obtain
As we all know, the proof of (2.10) is standard. The proof is the same as that of Lemma 2.2 in [7], thus we omit the details. □
Similar to the proofs of Theorem 2.1, Lemma 2.2 and Theorem 2.3 in [7], we can obtain the following global existence result.
Theorem 2.2
Suppose that (2.4) holds. For all \(t\in(0,\infty)\), problem (1.1) possesses a unique solution \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\), and for any \(\theta\in(0,1)\),
Moreover, there exists some constant C dependent on \(\chi_{i}\), \(\mu _{i}\), \(\lambda_{i}\), a, b, \(h_{0}\) and \(\|u_{0}\|_{\infty}\) such that
The proof of Theorem 2.2 in essence follows similar arguments as in [37,38,39, 42]. For the regularity results and estimates of \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\), please refer to Theorem 2.2 of [39]. The details are omitted here. We remark that the uniform estimate (2.30) allows us to deduce that \(h'(t)\rightarrow0\) when \(\lim_{t\rightarrow \infty}h(t)<\infty\), which plays a key role in determining the vanishing phenomenon.
3 Long time behavior of \((u,v)\)
This section is devoted to proving the asymptotic behavior when \(t\to \infty\). It follows from Lemma 2.1 that \(h(t)\) is monotonically increasing. Therefore, there exists an \(h_{\infty}\in (0,\infty]\) such that \(\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}h(t)=h_{\infty}\).
3.1 Vanishing case \((h_{\infty}<\infty)\)
In this subsection, we study the asymptotic behavior of solution to problem (1.1) when vanishing occurs (\(h_{\infty}<\infty\)). Our approaches here are mainly following the lines of [32, 41]. First, we state a general result.
Theorem 3.1
Suppose that (2.4) holds. Let \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) be the solution of (1.1). If \(h_{\infty}<\infty\), then there exists a constant \(C>0\) such that
Moreover,
Proof
The proof is similar to that of Theorem 4.1 in [41]. We omit the details. □
Similar to Proposition 3.2 in [52], we can prove the following general proposition.
Proposition 3.2
Let \(\mu>0\), \(c\in\mathbb{R}\). Assume that \(s\in C^{1}([0,\infty))\) and \(w\in C^{(1+\nu)/2,(1+\nu)}([0,\infty)\times[0,s(t)])\) satisfy \(s(t)>0\), \(w(t,x)>0\), for all \(t\geq0\), \(0< x< s(t)\). We further suppose that \(s_{\infty}=\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty} s(t)<\infty\), \(\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty} s'(t)=0\) and there exists a constant C such that \(\|w(t,\cdot)\|_{C^{1}[0,s(t)]}\leq C\) for \(t>1\). If \((w,s)\) satisfies
then \(\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}\max_{0\leq x\leq s(t)}w(t,x)=0\).
Theorem 3.3
Suppose that (2.4) holds. Let \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) be any solution of problem (1.1). If \(h_{\infty}<\infty\), then
Proof
First, we can easily obtain that u satisfies
where \(c\leq\min_{x\in[0,\infty)}[a-(b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1})u-\chi_{1}\lambda_{1}v_{1}]\). Note that \(h'(t)>0\) and \(h_{\infty }<\infty\), in view of Theorem 3.1 we get \(\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}h'(t)=0\). Using Proposition 3.2, we have
Combining (2.1), (2.2) and \(\lim_{t\rightarrow \infty}\|u(t,\cdot)\|_{C([0,h(t)])}=0\), we deduce
The proof is complete. □
3.2 Spreading case \((h_{\infty}=\infty)\)
In this subsection, we discuss the spreading case \(h_{\infty}=\infty\). We provide a sufficient condition (1.3) to prove that system (1.1) has a unique positive equilibrium \((a/b,\mu_{1} a/\lambda_{1}b, \mu_{2}a/\lambda_{2}b)\). This condition is more stringent than (2.4). The proof is inspired by Theorem 4.3 in [41].
Next, to discuss the asymptotic behavior of the solution to problem (1.1), we intend to control the bounds of \(v_{1}\) and \(v_{2}\) by using those of u. Thus, we provide two lemmas, which will be used in the main theorem in this subsection.
Lemma 3.4
Let \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) be a solution of problem (1.1). If (2.4) holds and u satisfies
with some constant \(\overline{A}>0\), then we have
Proof
For any given \(L>0\) and \(0<\varepsilon\ll1\), we can choose a small positive constant δ and \(n>0\) large enough such that
where \(R_{1}\) is defined in Lemma 2.1. For \(nL>0\) and \(0<\delta \ll1\), in view of (3.7), there exists a \(T>0\) such that
According to (3.8), (3.9), direct calculations show that
for all \(t>T\) and \(x\in[0,L]\). The arbitrariness of ε and L implies that
□
Lemma 3.5
Let \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) be a solution of problem (1.1). If u satisfies
with some constant \(\underline{A}>0\), then we have
Proof
For any given \(L>0\) and \(0<\varepsilon\ll1\), we can choose a small positive constant δ and k large enough such that
For these kL and δ, in view of (3.10), there exists a \(T>0\) such that
According to (3.11), (3.12), direct calculations show that
for all \(t>T\) and \(x\in[0,L]\). The arbitrariness of ε and L implies that
□
Theorem 3.6
Let \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) is a solution of problem (1.1). If \(h_{\infty}=\infty\) and \(b>\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-\chi_{2}\mu_{2}+K\), where K is defined in (1.4), then we have
uniformly in any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Proof
We will divide our proof into two cases.
Case I. Assume that
Step 1. We construct sequences by the iteration method. It follows from Lemma 2.1 that
where \(H_{2}\) is defined in (2.6).
-
(i)
If \(\lambda_{1}\leq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\geq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}(1-\frac{\lambda_{1}}{\lambda _{2}})}\geq\frac{a}{b}\).
-
(ii)
If \(\lambda_{1}\leq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\leq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}}\geq\frac{a}{b}\).
-
(iii)
If \(\lambda_{1}\geq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\geq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b}\).
-
(iv)
If \(\lambda_{1}\geq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\leq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}\frac{\lambda _{1}}{\lambda_{2}}}\geq\frac{a}{b}\).
By (i)–(iv), we have
Obviously, \(\overline{u}_{1}\) and \(\underline{u}_{1}\) is a pair of upper and lower solution of (2.3).
Combining this with Lemmas 3.4 and 3.5, we get that
For every \(t>0\) and \(x\in[0,h(t)]\),
and
For any given \(L>0\), \(0<\delta\ll1\) and \(0<\varepsilon\ll1\), let \(l_{\varepsilon}\) be given by Proposition B.1 in [41]. By (3.17) and since \(h_{\infty}=\infty\), there exists a \(T_{1}>1\) such that \(h(t)>l_{\varepsilon}\),
Hence, u satisfies
As \(\overline{u}_{1}\geq\frac{a}{b}\) and \(u(T_{1},x)>0\) in \([0,l_{\varepsilon}]\), in view of Proposition B.2 in [41], this yields
uniformly on \([0,L]\).
The arbitrariness of δ, ε and L imply that
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Combining this with Lemma 3.4, we have that
By (3.15) and (3.19), we obtain
For any given \(L>0\), \(0<\delta\ll1\) and \(0<\varepsilon\ll1\), let \(l_{\varepsilon}\) be given by Proposition B.1 in [41]. In view of (3.18) and since \(h_{\infty}=\infty\), there exists a \(T_{2}>T_{1}\) such that \(h(t)>l_{\varepsilon}\),
Thus, u satisfies
As \(\overline{u}_{1}\geq\frac{a}{b}\) and \(u(T_{2},x)>0\) in \([0,l_{\varepsilon}]\), in view of Proposition B.1 in [41], this yields
uniformly on \([0,L]\).
The arbitrariness of δ, ε and L imply that
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Combining this with Lemma 3.5, we obtain
Since \(\overline{u}_{1}\geq\frac{a}{b}\), we have
Using inequality (3.14), we obtain
For any given \(L>0\), \(0<\delta\ll1\) and \(0<\varepsilon\ll1\), let \(l_{\varepsilon}\) be given by Proposition B.2 in [41]. By (3.17) and since \(h_{\infty}=\infty\), there exists a \(T_{3}>T_{2}\) such that \(h(t)>l_{\varepsilon}\),
Hence, u satisfies
As \(\overline{u}_{2}\geq\frac{a}{b}\), \(\underline{u}_{1}\leq\frac {a}{b}\) and \(u(T_{3},x)>0\) in \([0,l_{\varepsilon}]\), in view of Proposition B.2 in [41], this yields
uniformly on \([0,L]\).
The arbitrariness of δ, ε and L imply that
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Combining this with Lemma 3.4, we have
Since \(\overline{u}_{2}\geq\frac{a}{b}\) and \(\underline{u}_{2}\leq \frac{a}{b}\), we find that
Using inequality (3.20), we obtain
For any given \(L>0\), \(0<\delta\ll1\) and \(0<\varepsilon\ll1\), let \(l_{\varepsilon}\) be given by Proposition B.1 in [41]. In view of (3.18) and since \(h_{\infty}=\infty\), there exists a \(T_{4}>T_{3}\) such that \(h(t)>l_{\varepsilon}\),
Thus, u satisfies
As \(\overline{u}_{2}\geq\frac{a}{b}\), \(\underline{u}_{1}\leq\frac {a}{b}\) and \(u(T_{4},x)>0\) in \([0,l_{\varepsilon}]\), in view of Proposition B.1 in [41], this yields
uniformly on \([0,L]\).
The arbitrariness of δ, ε and L imply that
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Combining this with Lemma 3.5, we have
Since \(\overline{u}_{2}\geq\frac{a}{b}\) and \(\underline{u}_{2}\leq \frac{a}{b}\), we obtain that
Using inequality (3.20), we have
Repeating the above procedure, we can find six sequences \(\{\underline {u}_{n}\}\), \(\{\overline{u}_{n}\}\), \(\{\underline{v}_{i,n}\}\), \(\{ \overline{v}_{i,n}\}\) such that for all n,
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Moreover, these sequences can be determined by the following iterative formulas:
Step 2. We prove the convergence of sequences \(\{\underline {u}_{n}\}\) and \(\{\overline{u}_{n}\}\) by the monotone convergence theorem.
(i) First, we prove that \(\{\underline{u}_{n}\}\) and \(\{\overline {u}_{n}\}\) are bounded sequences by induction.
The trivial case is \(n=1\) since \(\underline{u}_{1}\leq\frac {a}{b}\leq\overline{u}_{1}\) by (3.15) and (3.16). Assume that it is true for some \(n\geq1\), namely,
Next we will prove that for \(n+1\), \(\underline{u}_{n+1}\leq\frac {a}{b}\leq\overline{u}_{n+1}\). According to (3.30) and (3.31), we have
Thus, by induction, for all n, we have that \(\underline{u}_{n}\leq \frac{a}{b}\leq\overline{u}_{n}\).
(ii) Second, using a similar argument as above, we can prove that sequence \(\{\underline{u}_{n}\}\) is increasing and \(\{\overline {u}_{n}\}\) is decreasing in n.
In the same way, by (3.20) and (3.23), we have
Suppose that it is true for some \(n\geq2\), that is,
We will prove that for \(n+1\), \(\overline{u}_{n}\geq\overline {u}_{n+1}\) and \(\underline{u}_{n}\leq\underline{u}_{n+1}\). From (3.30) and (3.33) we finally establish
Therefore, by induction, for all n, we obtain that \(\overline {u}_{n-1}\geq\overline{u}_{n}\) and \(\underline{u}_{n-1}\leq \underline{u}_{n}\).
Combining (i) and (ii), we derive that sequences \(\{\underline{u}_{n}\} \) and \(\{\overline{u}_{n}\}\) are monotonic and bounded. It is well known that sequences \(\{\underline{u}_{n}\}\) and \(\{\overline{u}_{n}\} \) converge. Thus there exist positive constants h and H such that
Step 3. We complete the proof. Passing to limits in equations (3.30), it is easy to see that h and H satisfy the following equation:
By a straightforward calculation, we obtain that both h and H satisfy
Therefore, we conclude that
Combining (3.29), (3.35) and (3.37), we have
This completes the first case.
Case II. Assume that
It follows from Lemma 2.1 that
where \(H_{1}\) is defined in (2.6).
-
(i)
If \(\lambda_{1}\leq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\geq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}(1-\frac{\lambda_{2}}{\lambda _{1}})}\geq\frac{a}{b}\).
-
(ii)
If \(\lambda_{1}\leq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\leq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu_{1}}\geq\frac{a}{b}\).
-
(iii)
If \(\lambda_{1}\geq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\geq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b}\).
-
(iv)
If \(\lambda_{1}\geq\lambda_{2}\) and \(\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\lambda_{2}\leq \chi_{1}\mu_{1}\lambda_{1}\), then \(\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}-\chi_{1}\mu _{1}-H_{2}}=\frac{a}{b+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}\frac{\lambda_{2}}{\lambda_{1}}-\chi _{1}\mu_{1}}\geq\frac{a}{b}\).
By (i)–(iv), we have
Rewrite \(\chi_{2}\lambda_{2}v_{2}-\chi_{1}\lambda_{1}v_{1}\) in the form
and
It follows from similar arguments used in the proof of inequalities (3.19) and (3.21) that
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\) and
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
By (3.39) and (3.43), we find that
Since \(\overline{u}_{1}\geq\frac{a}{b}\),
Using inequality (3.38), we have
Repeating the procedure of Case I, we obtain
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\).
Therefore, it follows from the results of Cases I and II that if
then
uniformly on any bounded subset of \([0,+\infty)\). □
4 Criteria governing spreading and vanishing
To discuss the criteria for spreading and vanishing as well as later application, we present a comparison principle which is similar to Lemma 3.5 of [7]. We omit the details here.
Lemma 4.1
(Comparison principle)
Let \((w(t,x),\xi(t))\) be a solution of the following problem:
where A and B are positive constants. Assume \(\overline{\xi }(t)\in C^{1}([0,\infty])\), \(\overline{w}\in C(\overline{D}_{1})\cap C^{1,2}(D_{1})\) with \(D_{1}=\{(t,x)\in\mathbb{R}^{2}, t>0, 0< x<\overline{\xi}(t)\}\), \(\xi(0)=\xi_{0}\) and \(w(0,x)=w_{0}(x)\). Moreover, let \((\overline{w},\overline{\xi})\) satisfy
If
then
Then, we first give a necessary condition for vanishing.
Theorem 4.2
Suppose that (2.4) holds. Let \((u,v_{1},v_{2},h)\) be any solution of (1.1). If \(h_{\infty}<\infty\) then \(h_{\infty}\leq\frac {\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\). Hence, \(h_{0}\geq\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt {\frac{1}{a}}\) implies \(h_{\infty}=\infty\) due to \(h'(t)>0\) for \(t>0\).
Proof
By Theorem 3.3, if \(h_{\infty}<\infty\) then
We assume \(h_{\infty}>\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\) to get a contradiction. Let
It is clear that \(a^{\varepsilon}\rightarrow a\) as \(\varepsilon \rightarrow0\). Thus there exists a positive constant \(\varepsilon_{0}\) such that
For any \(\varepsilon<\varepsilon_{0}\), due to (4.2), there exists a \(\tau\gg1\) such that
Set \(l=h(\tau)\). Then \(l>\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac {1}{a^{\varepsilon}}}\). Therefore, we have
Let ω be the positive solution of the following initial boundary value problem with a fixed boundary:
By the comparison principle,
Since \(a^{\varepsilon}>(\frac{\pi}{2l})^{2}\), it is well known that \(\omega(t,x)\rightarrow\theta(x)\) as \(t\rightarrow\infty\) uniformly on any compact subset of \((0,l)\), where θ is the unique positive solution of
Hence, \(\liminf_{t\rightarrow\infty}u(t,x)\geq\lim_{t\rightarrow \infty}\omega(t,x)=\theta(x)>0\) in \((0,l)\). This is a contradiction to (4.2). Thus, \(h_{\infty}\leq\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\). Due to \(h'(t)>0\) for \(t>0\), \(h_{0}\geq\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac {1}{a}}\) implies \(h_{\infty}=\infty\). □
Now we discuss the case \(h_{0}<\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\).
Theorem 4.3
Suppose \(b>\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-\chi_{2}\mu_{2}+H\) and \(h_{0}<\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt {\frac{1}{a}}\). Then there exists a \(\overline{\mu}>0\) depending only on \(u_{0}(x)\) such that \(h_{\infty}=+\infty\) when \(\mu\geq \overline{\mu}\).
Proof
The proof here is inspired by Lemma 3.2 in [40]. By Lemma 2.1, we have \(0< u< R_{1}\) and so there exists a constant \(\delta ^{*}>0\) satisfying
Now, we consider the auxiliary free boundary problem
It is easy to see that (4.3) admits a unique solution \((w(t,x),r(t))\) which is well defined for all \(t>0\). Moreover, \(r'(t)>0\) for \(t>0\). Similar to the proof of Lemma 4.1 in [32], we have
In what follows, we are going to prove that for all large μ,
To this end, we first choose a smooth function \(\underline{r}(t)\) with \(\underline{r}(0)=\frac{h_{0}}{2}\), \(\underline{r}'(t)>0\) and \(\underline{r}(2)=\pi\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\). We then consider the following initial-boundary value problem:
Here, for a smooth initial value \(\underline{u}_{0}\), we require
The standard theory for parabolic equations ensures that (4.6) has a unique positive solution \(\underline{w}\) and \(\underline{w}_{x}(t,\underline{r}(t))<0\) for all \(t\in[0,2]\) due to Hopf’s Lemma. According to our choice of \(\underline{r}(t)\) and \(\underline{w}_{0}(x)\), there is a constant \(\overline{\mu}>0\) such that for all \(\mu\geq\overline{\mu}\),
Note that \(\underline{r}(0)=\frac{h_{0}}{2}< r(0)\), so it follows from (4.3), (4.6), (4.7) and (4.8) that
which particularly implies \(r(2)\geq\underline{r}(2)=\pi\sqrt{\frac {1}{a}}\), and so (4.5) holds. Hence, in view of (4.4) and (4.5), we have
Theorem 4.2 now yields the desired result. □
Lemma 4.4
For every \(l>0\), let \(\lambda^{1}(l)\) and \(\Psi(y)\) be the first eigenvalue and corresponding eigenfunction of the problem
with Q a positive constant and \(\|\Psi\|_{L^{2}((0,l))}=1\). Then we have the following conclusions:
-
(i)
\(\Psi(y)>0\) and \(\Psi_{y}(y)<0\) for \(0< y< l\).
-
(ii)
\(\lambda^{1}\) is a strictly decreasing and continuous function in l, and
$$\lim_{l\rightarrow0^{+}}\lambda^{1}(l)=+\infty,\qquad \lim _{l\rightarrow +\infty}\lambda^{1}(l)=\frac{Q^{2}}{4}. $$Thus, there exists an unique constant \(L>0\) such that
$$\lambda^{1}(L)=a+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}R_{1}+ \frac{Q^{2}}{4} $$and
$$\lambda^{1}(l)< a+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}R_{1}+ \frac{Q^{2}}{4} \quad \textit{for } l>L \quad \textit {and}\quad \lambda^{1}(l)>a+\chi_{2}\mu_{2}R_{1}+ \frac{Q^{2}}{4} \quad \textit{for } l< L, $$where \(R_{1}\) is defined in Lemma 2.1.
-
(iii)
The constant L satisfies \(L<\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac {1}{a}}\).
Proof
First, a general solution of the ODE \(-\psi_{yy}+Q\psi_{y}=\lambda\psi \) has the form
with \(4\lambda-Q^{2}>0\). Note that \(\psi_{y}(0)=0\) and \(\psi(l)=0\), direct calculations yield
From (4.9), it is easy to see that, either \(C_{1}=C_{2}=0\) or \(C_{1}\neq0\), \(C_{2}\neq0\). If \(C_{1}=C_{2}=0\), we have \(\psi(y)\equiv0\), which is impossible for the eigenfunction. From (4.9), \(C_{1}\neq0\) and \(C_{2}\neq0\) imply that
Thus the first eigenvalue \(\lambda^{1}(l)\) satisfies
Hence the corresponding eigenfunction satisfies
where \(\mathcal{C}\) is a positive constant to guarantee \(\|\Psi(y)\| _{L^{2}((0.l))}=1\). Form (4.10), it is easy to deduce that
which implies \(\Psi(y)>0\) for \(0< y< l\). Direct calculation gives
Thus (i) is satisfied. With the help of (4.10), the proof of (ii) is similar to that of Theorem 3.1 in [52], and we omit it here. Using (ii) and (4.10) again, we have
which implies \(L<\frac{\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\) immediately. Thus (iii) is satisfied. □
Theorem 4.5
Suppose \(b>\chi_{1}\mu_{1}-\chi_{2}\mu_{2}+H\) and \(h_{0}< L\), where \(L<\frac {\pi}{2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a}}\) is a constant defined in Lemma 4.4. Then there exists a \(\underline{\mu}>0\), depending on \(u_{0}(x)\), such that \(h_{\infty}<\infty\) when \(\mu\leq\underline{\mu}\).
Proof
Inspired by [7], we are going to construct a suitable upper solution to (1.1) and then apply the comparison principe.
For any given \(T>0\), in view of (2.29), there exists a positive constant Q such that
Let \(\lambda^{1}(h_{0})\) and \(\Psi(y)\) be the eigenvalue and corresponding eigenfunction of the problem
with \(\|\Psi\|_{L^{2}((0,l))}=1\). Due to Lemma 4.4(i), we also obtain
Using \(h_{0}< L\) and Lemma 4.4(ii), we obtain
for \(t\geq0\), and define
in which δ, γ, P are positive constants that will be determined later. It is easy to see that \(\overline{u}(t,\sigma (t))=0\) and
provided \(P>0\) is sufficiently large. Note that
Then, direct calculations yield
for all \(0< t< T\) and \(0< x<\sigma(t)\). By (4.11) and (4.13), we choose \(\delta>0\) small such that
Choosing \(\gamma=\frac{1}{4}[\lambda_{0}(h_{0})-a-\chi_{2}\mu_{2}R_{1}]\), in view of (4.14), we have
We calculate
Hence, if we take
then for any \(0<\mu\leq\underline{\mu}\),
Therefore, for our choice of \(\delta, \gamma, P\) and \(\underline{\mu }\), \((\overline{u}(t,x),\sigma(t))\) satisfies
Thus, we can apply Lemma 4.1 to conclude that \(h(t)\leq \sigma(t)\) and \(u(t,x)\leq\overline{u}(t,x)\) for \(0< t< T\) and \(0\leq x\leq h(t)\). Since T can be arbitrarily large, we deduce that \(h_{\infty}\leq\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}\sigma(t)=h_{0}(1+\delta )<\infty\) for all \(\mu\leq\underline{\mu}\). □
5 Conclusion
In summary, we considered an attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system with a free boundary in one space dimension. In model (1.1), the so-called free boundary \(x = h(t)\) characterizes the change of the expanding front for the mobile species. Our conclusions not only provide sufficient conditions for species spreading success and spreading failure, but also the long time behavior of the mobile species, chemo-attraction and chemo-repulsion. Precisely, we prove a spreading–vanishing dichotomy for this model, that is, either the species fails to establish and vanishes eventually, or the species successfully spreads to infinity as \(t\rightarrow\infty \) and stabilizes at a constant equilibrium state under some sufficient conditions. Not only that, we also discuss the criteria for spreading and vanishing. These analytical findings disclose that the change of invasion region to species can determine whether the invasion is successful or not.
The free boundary in model (1.1) describes a one-dimensional environment. We realize that the two- or three-dimensional case better matches reality. However, there will be more challenges in both mathematical analysis and numerical simulation for models with multi-dimensional free boundary. A promising extension is to explicitly consider the asymptotic spreading speed of the invasion species.
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Zhang, W., Liu, Z. & Zhou, L. A free boundary problem for an attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system. Bound Value Probl 2018, 191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1105-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-018-1105-9