Abstract
A convenient approach for (1E,3E)-1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes via intermolecular Heck reaction of olefins and β-bromostyrenes promoted by μ-OMs palladium–dimer complex has been successfully developed. The products 1,4-conjugated dienes could be obtained with good yield (up to 82%). The catalyst system has excellent chemical selectivity and group tolerance which could supply an alternative way to gain the valuable biaryl linkage building blocks. Furthermore, fluorescence studies of dienes showed that some of them may have potential applications as luminescent clusters.
![](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13065-019-0561-3/MediaObjects/13065_2019_561_Figa_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction
1,4-Diarylbuta-1,3-dienes are found not only as the important building blocks in polymers, but also in variety of synthetic/naturally occurring biologically active molecules, which possess a wide range of bioactivities [1,2,3,4]. Several methods have been developed for the synthesis of 1,3-dienes via cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by transition metal catalysts, such as Ni [5, 6], Cu [7, 8] and Pd [9, 10] (Fig. 1, equation 1). Some alternative methods were also reported. For example, 1,3-dienes could also be achieved via the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction between vinyl boric acid and vinyl bromides [11, 12] (Fig. 1, equation 2). The coupling of (1E,3E)-1,4-diiodobuta-1,3-diene with arylboronic reagents was reported for the synthesis of symmetrical 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes [13] (Fig. 1, equation 3). Controlled hydrogenation of the triple bond of 1,2-diphenylacetylenes under high pressure and temperature could lead to the formation of stilbenes without the formation of new C–C bond [14, 15] (Fig. 1, equation 4). Homocoupling of potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates is an effective method for the synthesis of symmetrical 1,3-dienes [16] (Fig. 1, equation 5). However, despite these major advances, discovery of new catalyst system for the construction of 1,3-diene units (both symmetrical and unsymmetrical ones) with good chemical selectivity and easy gained catalyst is still an attractive goal.
Heck reactions is one of the most important reaction among transition metal catalyzed C–C bond formation methods and many important catalyst systems have been achieved. However, most of the results which have been described with Pd catalysts, were obtained for the coupling of aryl halides [17,18,19,20,21]. Relatively few results have been reported with vinyl halides. The researchers have put more attentions to improve the Heck reaction conditions and catalysts such as immobilized catalyst, fluorine chemical, no phosphorus catalyst, et al. [22,23,24,25]. μ-OMs palladium–dimer was first reported by Buchwald, which was used as Pd-precatalyst for C–N/C–C coupling reactions [26]. Although, the μ-OMs dimer is very easy to obtain and always used as the optimal palladium source in many reactions, it has not been used directly as the catalyst for Heck reaction. For the long run, our research interests focus on the studies on noble metal salts catalyzed reactions [27,28,29,30,31,32]. As our continuous research interest, herein, we report that Pd–dimer (namely μ-OMs dimer) which is a typically non-phosphorus Buchwald Pd-precatalyst could be successfully applied in the Heck reaction of olefins and β-bromostyrenes affording 1,4-conjugated dienes with good yield and excellent chemical selectivity (Fig. 1b).
Results and discussion
To begin, we chose the Heck reaction between (E)-(2-bromovinyl)benzene (1a) and styrene (2a) in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 as the model system to optimize the reaction conditions for the synthesis of the product 3a. In an initial experiment, the reaction was performed in toluene at 80 °C catalyzed by 5 mol% Pd(OAc)2 with K2CO3 as the base, isolating (1E,3E)-1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diene (3a) in 19% yield after 24 h (Table 1, entry 1). Then, we investigated different palladium catalysts on the reaction yield and catalytic efficiency. As depicted in Table 1, when Pd2(dba)3 or Pd(TFA)2 was used in place of Pd(OAc)2, similar results were achieved (Table 1, entries 2–3). The homemade dimer palladium catalyst was then examined, and the results showed that its catalytic activity was superior to other palladium catalysts (entries 4 vs 1–3). To our surprise, when the coupling reaction was carried with traditional Xphos or PPh3 as supporting ligands and with μ-OMs dimer as palladium source, the results clearly indicated that both XPhos and PPh3 were the poor ligands for this transformation (Table 1, entries 5–6). When the reaction temperature was increased to 120 °C, the yield of the product improved significantly and the reaction time was also shortened (Table 1, entry 7).
![figure b](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13065-019-0561-3/MediaObjects/13065_2019_561_Figb_HTML.png)
Subsequently, different solvents were examined using μ-OMs Pd–dimer as the catalyst, in the presence of K2CO3 under an argon atmosphere. In a series of reaction solvent, we found that toluene as low polar solvent was the best one among the solvents screened. Polar aprotic solvents, such as DMF, NMP and DMSO gave almost the same level yield, while CH3CN gave much poor yield (Table 1, entries 8–11). Thus, toluene was used as the best solvent for further studies. Finally, we investigated the effect of bases on the reaction, including K3PO4, Li2CO3, Cs2CO3 and Et3N. Of the base screened, the best result was obtained with K2CO3 which could make the reaction faster and more efficiency (entry 6). Cs2CO3, K3PO4 and Et3N gave slightly inferior yield than K2CO3 (entries 13–15), while using Li2CO3 as the base gave complexed mixture which might due to the strong basicity of Li2CO3. The yield was reduced by reducing the amount of catalyst from 5 to 2.5% (Table 1, entry 16).
Under the above optimized reaction conditions, we explored the generality and applicability of the protocol. Firstly, the reaction between different styrenes and (E)-(2-bromovinyl)benzene was examined. When chlorine was in the ortho, meta- or para-position of benzene ring in styrene substrates, the para position substrate gave the highest yield of the corresponding product with 82%, while the ortho-position substrate gave the lowest yield which might due to the steric effect (Table 2, entries 1–3). Styrene with electron-donating group on the benzene ring, such as methyl group on the para- position, gave lower yield than that of electron withdrawing one (Table 2, entry 1 vs 4). A wide variety of vinyl bromides, bearing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents, were successfully coupled with styrene partner with 54–68% yield. Generally, electron-withdrawing groups have positive impacts on the building of conjugated dienes, compared with electronic-donating ones (Table 2, entries 5, 7, 11 vs 6, 8–9). Unfortunately, when R1 group was 4-Br, the reaction gave a messy mixture which may due to the different active reaction sites of the vinyl bromide (Table 2, entry 10). Interestingly, when R2 group was 4-Br, the reaction could proceed smoothly and afforded the corresponding product with 61% yield (Table 2, entry 16). The substituent on the aryl ring of β-bromostyrene such as a para-fluride, a para-cholor group decreased slightly the reaction rates and the yields (Table 2, entry 1 vs 12–13). An electron-donating substituent, such as a para-methyl group, on the aryl ring of β-bromostyrene could afford better yields than electron-withdrawing ones (Table 2, entries 12–13 vs 15, 2 vs 14).
![figure c](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13065-019-0561-3/MediaObjects/13065_2019_561_Figc_HTML.png)
Interestingly, when the reaction between (Z)-(2-bromovinyl) benzene and styrene was examined, only (1E,3E)-diene was obtained which indicated that our catalyst system had excellent chemical selectivity (Fig. 2) [33].
To broaden the possible usage of these compounds, the fluorescence activity of 3a, 3m and 3e was studied. As can be seen from Fig. 3, 3a and 3m showed fluorescence, and the excitation wavelength was 650 nm and 657 nm respectively, which reach the near infrared region. They may have potential applications as fluorescent materials. While at the same concentration, 3e has no fluorescence.
Conclusions
In summary, we have successfully developed an approach for the synthesis of (1E,3E)-1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes via intermolecular Heck reaction of olefins and β-bromostyrenes promoted by μ-OMs palladium–dimer complex catalyst. The products 1,4-conjugated dienes could be obtained with good yield (up to 82%). The catalyst system has good chemical selectivity and excellent group tolerance which would supply an alternative way to gain the valuable biaryl linkage building blocks.
Experimental
General information
Commercially available reagents were used without further purification. The solvents used for experiment research were all through pretreatment on condition of anaerobic and without water. Reactions were monitored by TLC using Silicycle precoated silica gel plates. Flash column chromatography was performed over Silicycle silica gel (300–400 mesh). 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on JMTC-400/54/SS 400 MHz spectrometers using residue solvent peaks as internal standards (CHCl3, 1H: 7.26 ppm; 13C: 77.00 ppm). The fluorescence spectra of samples were detected with a Fluorescence spectrophotometer (F-4600FL Spectrophotometer, Hitachi, Japan) using a Xenon lamp as the excitation source at room temperature, and the excitation wavelength was 331 nm, 228 nm and 237 nm.
General procedure for the synthesis of 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes
A Schlenk tube was charged with styrene (20.8 mg, 0.2 mmol), (E)-(2-bromovinyl) benzene (36.6 mg, 2.0 mmol), μ-OMs dimer (7.3 mg, 5% mmol), K2CO3 (55.3 mg, 2.0 mmol), and anhydrous toluene 1.0 mL under an Ar atmosphere. The Schlenk tube was sealed with a Teflon valve, and then the reaction mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 24 h, monitoring by TLC. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. Then the filtrates were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified by chromatography (silica gel, PE–EtOAc, 100:1) to give the product.
Product characterization data
(1E,3E)-1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diene (3a) [34,35,36]
The product was obtained as white solid in 74% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.44 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 4H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.24 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (dd, J = 12.0, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (dd, J = 12.0, 2.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.3, 132.8, 129.2, 128.6, 127.5, 126.4 (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-4-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3b) [37]
The product was obtained as white solid in 82% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39–7.20 (m, 7H), 7.02–6.84 (m, 2H), 6.75–6.53 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.3, 136.0, 133.5, 131.5, 130.0, 129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 127.8, 127.6, 126.5 (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-3-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3c) [38]
The product was obtained as white solid in 61% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.49–7.39 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (dt, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27–7.21 (m, 4H), 7.19 (dt, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.00–6.85 (m, 2H), 6.78–6.64 (m, 1H), 6.64–6.53 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.3, 137.1, 134.6, 133.9, 131.1, 130.6, 129.8, 128.7, 128.7, 127.8, 127.4, 126.5, 126.1, 124.5 (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-2-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3d) [39]
The product was obtained as white solid in 58% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.62 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.39–7.30 (m, 3H), 7.29–7.20 (m, 4H), 7.15 (td, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.11–6.88 (m, 3H), 6.71 (d, J = 15.1 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.1, 135.3, 133.9, 133.2, 131.6, 129.9, 129.1, 128.7, 128.4, 128.4, 127.8, 126.8, 126.2 (see Additional file 1).
1-Methyl-4-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3e) [40, 41]
The product was obtained as white solid in 68% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.49–7.39 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.27 (m, 4H), 7.24–7.18 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.01–6.80 (m, 2H), 6.64 (td, J = 10.7, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.6, 137.6, 134.7, 132.9, 132.3, 129.5, 129.5, 128.7, 128.4, 127.5, 126.4, 21.4 (see Additional file 1).
1-Methoxy-4-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3f) [42]
The product was obtained as white solid in 55% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.46–7.35 (m, 4H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.23–7.17 (m, 1H), 7.01–6.73 (m, 4H), 6.61 (d, J = 15.1 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.3, 137.5, 132.4, 131.7, 129.5, 128.6, 127.6, 126.2, 114.1, 55.3 (see Additional file 1).
1-Fluoro-4-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3g) [41]
The product was obtained as white solid in 82% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.50–7.37 (m, 4H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25–7.20 (m, 1H), 7.09–6.99 (m, 2H), 6.90 (qd, J = 14.9, 10.5 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (t, J = 14.4 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.7, 135.9, 133.5 (d, J = 3.8 Hz), 133.2, 132.2, 131.5, 129.7, 128.9, 128.7 (d, J = 1.9 Hz), 128.0 (d, J = 8.6 Hz), 127.6, 115.8 (d, J = 21.0 Hz) (see Additional file 1).
4-((1E,3E)-4-phenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)phenylacetate (3h)
The product was obtained as white solid in 54% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 4H), 7.37–7.29 (m, 2H), 7.24–7.17 (m, 1H), 7.05 (dt, J = 9.3, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.00–6.78 (m, 2H), 6.72–6.59 (m, 2H), 2.33–2.24 (3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.5, 150.0, 137.3, 135.2, 133.0, 131.7, 129.5, 129.1, 128.7, 127.6, 127.3, 126.4, 121.8, 21.2; IR (cm−1): 3043, 2994, 2990, 1772, 1665, 1502, 1480, 1111, 990; HRMS ESI–TOF: m/z = 265.1134 [M+H]+ (265.1129 calcd for C18H17O2) (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-4-((2E,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-2-yl)benzene (3i) [43]
The product was obtained as white solid in 65% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.53–7.38 (m, 4H), 7.37–7.27 (m, 4H), 7.24–7.03 (m, 2H), 6.77–6.55 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 141.3, 137.5, 135.4, 133.4, 132.8, 128.7, 128.4, 127.7, 127.6, 126.8, 126.4, 125.5, 16.1 (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-4-((1E,3E)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl) benzene (3j) [44]
The product was obtained as white solid in 71% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.48–7.34 (m, 4H), 7.33–7.27 (m, 2H), 7.03 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97–6.78 (m, 2H), 6.62 (t, J = 14.6 Hz, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 135.8, 133.4, 133.4, 132.1, 131.4, 129.6, 128.8, 127.9, 127.9, 115.8, 115.6 (see Additional file 1).
(1E,3E)-1,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl)buta-1,3-diene (3k) [45, 46]
The product was obtained as white solid in 63% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42–7.33 (m, 4H), 7.33–7.27 (m, 4H), 6.96–6.83 (m, 2H), 6.69–6.57 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 135.7, 133.2, 131.9, 129.5, 128.9, 127.5 (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-3-((1E,3E)-4-(p-tolyl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3l)
The product was obtained as white solid in 66% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.46–7.41 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.32–7.24 (m, 2H), 7.20 (dt, J = 7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.02–6.82 (m, 2H), 6.69 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J = 14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.4, 137.8, 134.6, 134.3, 133.9, 130.8, 130.5, 129.8, 129.4, 127.8, 127.2, 126.4, 126.1, 124.5; IR (cm−1): 3033, 2990, 2984, 1768, 1640, 1512, 1486, 1123; HRMS ESI-TOF: m/z = 255.0941 [M+H]+ (255.0947 calcd for C17H16Cl) (see Additional file 1).
1-Chloro-4-((1E,3E)-4-(p-tolyl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3m) [44]
The product was obtained as white solid in 74% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.43–7.33 (m, 4H), 7.33–7.29 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.04–6.80 (m, 2H), 6.78–6.51 (m, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 137.7, 136.0, 134.4, 133.4, 132.9, 130.8, 130.0, 129.4, 128.8, 127.9, 127.4, 126.4, 21.3 (see Additional file 1).
1-Bromo-4-((1E,3E)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)buta-1,3-dien-1-yl)benzene (3n) [45, 46]
The product was obtained as white solid in 61% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.53–7.35 (m, 4H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96–6.77 (m, 2H), 6.73–6.53 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.7, 136.5, 133.7 (d, J = 2.8 Hz), 132.5, 132.1, 131.7, 130.0, 128.9 (d, J = 1.9 Hz), 128.2 (d, J = 7.8 Hz), 128.1, 121.6, 115.9 (d, J = 20.0 Hz) (see Additional file 1).
Abbreviations
- DMF:
-
dimethyl formamide
- NMP:
-
N-methyl pyrrolidone
- DMSO:
-
dimethyl sulfoxide
- Ar:
-
argon gas
- PBS:
-
phosphate buffer saline
- TLC:
-
thin layer chromatography
- PE:
-
petroleum ether
References
Brettle R, Dunmur DA, Hindley NJ, Marson CM (1992) New liquid crystalline compounds based on 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1:410–411
Breslow R, Gal P, Chang HW, Altman LJ (1965) Isomerization of biscyclopropenyls to benzenes. J Am Chem Soc 87:5139–5144
Roark DN, Peddle GJD (1972) Reactions of 7,8-disilabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-dienes. Evidence for the transient existence of a disilene. J Am Chem Soc 94:5837–5841
Carradori S, Silvestri R (2015) New frontiers in selective human MAO-B inhibitors. J Med Chem 58:6717–6732
Semmelhack MF, Helquist P, Jones LD, Keller L, Mendelson L, Ryono LS, Smith JG, Stauffer RD (1981) Reaction of aryl and vinyl halides with zerovalent nickel-preparative aspects and the synthesis of alnusone. J Am Chem Soc 103:6460–6471
Sasaki K, Nakao K, Kobayashi Y, Sakai M, Uchino N, Sakakibara Y, Takagi K (1993) Ni(0)-triphenyl phosphine complex-catalyzed homo-coupling of 1-alkenyl halides with zinc powder. Bull Chem Soc 66:2446–2448
Iyer S, Ramesh C, Sarkar A, Wadgaonkar P (1997) The vinylation of aryl and vinyl halides catalyzed by copper salts. Tetrahedron Lett 38:8113–8116
Kaboudin B, Mostafalu R, Yokomatsu T, Kaboudin B, Mostafalu R, Yokomatsu T (2013) Fe3O4 nanoparticle-supported Cu(II)-β-cyclodextrin complex as a magnetically recoverable and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of symmetrical biaryls and 1,2,3-triazoles from aryl boronic acids. Green Chem 15:2266–2274
Lemhadri M, Battace A, Berthiol F, Zair T, Doucet H, Santelli M (2008) Palladium–tetraphosphine complex catalysed Heck reaction of vinyl bromides with alkenes: a powerful access to conjugated dienes. Synthesis 7:1142–1152
Berthiol F, Doucet H, Santelli M (2003) Heck reaction of vinyl bromides with alkenes in the presence of a tetraphosphine/palladium catalyst. Synlett 6:841–844
Zhang HP, Dai YZ, Zhou X, Yu H (2012) Efficient pyrimidone-promoted palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Synlett 23:1221–1224
Arvela RK, Leadbeater NE, Sangi MS, Williams VA, Granados P, Singer RD (2005) A reassessment of the transition-metal free Suzuki-type coupling methodology. J Org Chem 70:161–168
Babudri F, Farinola GM, Naso F, Ragni R, Spina G (2007) A novel stereoselective synthesis of symmetrical (1E,3E)-1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes. Synthesis 19:3088–3092
Thiel NO, Teichert JF (2016) Stereoselective alkyne semihydrogenations with an air-stable copper(I) catalyst. Org Biomol Chem 14:10660–10666
Thiel NO, Kemper S, Teichert JF (2017) Copper(I)-catalyzed stereoselective hydrogenation of 1,3-diynes and enynes. Tetrahedron 73:5023–5028
Weber M, Singh Fateh V, Vieira Adriano S, Stefani Hélio A, Paixão Marcio W (2009) Palladium-catalyzed oxidative homocoupling of potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates: synthesis of symmetrical 1,3-dienes. Tetrahedron Lett 50:4324–4327
Moritani I, Fujiwara Y, Moritani I, Fujiwara Y (1967) Aromatic substitution of styrene-palladium chloride complex. Tetrahedron Lett 8:1119–1122
Fujiwara Y, Noritani I, Danno S, Asano R, Teranishi S (1969) Aromatic substitution of olefins. VI. Arylation of olefins with palladium(II) acetate. J Am Chem Soc 91:7166–7169
Heck RF (1969) Mechanism of arylation and carbomethoxylation of olefins with organopalladium compounds. J Am Chem Soc 91:6707–6714
Dieck HA, Heck RF (1974) Organophosphinepalladium complexes as catalysts for vinylic hydrogen substitution reactions. J Am Chem Soc 96:1133–1136
Ozawa F, Kubo A, Hayashi T (1992) Generation of tertiary phosphine-coordinated Pd(0) species from Pd(OAc)2 in the catalytic Heck reaction. Chem Lett 11:2177–2180
Gaudin JM (1991) Intramolecular Heck reaction with substrates possessing an allylic alcohol moiety. Tetrahedron Lett 32:6113–6116
Overman E, Ricca DJ, Tran VD (1993) First total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B. J Am Chem Soc 115:2042–2044
Tietze LF, Buhr W (1995) Efficient total synthesis of the pharmacophore of the anticancer antibiotic CC1065 by zirconocene- and palladium-initiated cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed 34:1366–1368
Bader RR, Baumeister P, Blaser HU (1996) Catalysis at Ciba-Geigy. Chimia 50:99–105
Bruno NC, Tudge MT, Buchwald SL (2013) Design and preparation of new palladium precatalysts for C–C and C–N cross-coupling reactions. Chem Sci 4:916–920
Xu Z, Mao J, Zhang Y (2008) Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed room temperature homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids under air without ligand. Catal Commun 9:97–100
Xu Z, Li K, Zhai R, Liang T, Gui X, Zhang R (2017) Efficient synthesis of benzene-fused 6/7membered amides via Xphos Pd G2 catalyzed intramolecular C–N bond formation. RSC Adv 7:51972–51977
Tang X, Wu N, Zhai R, Wu Z, Mi J, Luo R, Xu Z (2019) Silver(i)-catalyzed addition of pyridine-N-oxides to alkynes: a practical approach for N-alkenoxypyridinium salts. Org Biomol Chem 17:966–972
Zhai R, Xue Y, Liang T, Mi J, Xu Z (2018) Regioselective arene and heteroarene functionalization: N-alkenoxypyridinium salts as electrophilic alkylating agents for the synthesis of α-aryl/α-heteroaryl ketones. J Org Chem 83:10051–10059
Xu Z, Zhai R, Liang T, Zhang L (2017) Efficient one-pot multifunctionalization of alkynes en route to α-alkoxyketones, α-thioketones, and α-thio thioketals by using an umpolung strategy. Chem Eur J 23:14133–14137
Xu Z, Chen H, Wang Z, Ying A, Zhang L (2016) One-pot synthesis of benzene-fused medium-ring ketones: gold catalysis-enabled enolate umpolung reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 38:5515–5518
Wu Q, Hu J, Ren X, Zhou J (2011) An efficient, overall [4+1] cycloaddition of 1,3-dienes and nitrene precursors. Chem Eur J 17:11553–11558
John A, Hogan LT, Hillmyer MA, Tolman WB (2015) Olefins from biomass feedstocks: catalytic ester decarbonylation and tandem Heck-type coupling. Chem Commun 51:2731–2733
Cheng G, Luo M (2011) Homocoupling of arylboronic acids catalyzed by CuCl in air at room temperature. Eur J Org Chem 13:2519–2523
Li J, Hua R, Liu T (2010) Highly chemo- and stereoselective palladium-catalyzed transfer semihydrogenation of internal alkynes affording cis-alkenes. J Org Chem 75:2966–2970
Yamashita M, Hirano K, Satoh T, Miura M (2011) Synthesis of 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes through palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Adv Synth Catal 353:631–636
Wang JX, Fu Y, Hu Y (2002) Carbon-carbon double-bond formation from the reaction of organozinc reagents with aldehydes catalyzed by a nickel(II) complex. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:2757–2760
Dong D, Li H, Tian S (2010) A highly tunable stereoselective olefination of semistabilized triphenylphosphonium ylides with N-sulfonyl imines. J Am Chem Soc 132:5018–5020
Shimojuh N, Imura Y, Moriyama K, Togo H (2011) Wittig reaction with ion-supported Ph3P. Tetrahedron 67:951–957
Ho J, Lin Y, Chou L, Chen Y, Liu W, Chuang C (2013) Syntheses of p-terphenyls and 11,12-dihydroindeno[2,1-a]fluorene by one-pot benzannulation of Diels–Alder reactions of trans-1,2-dichloroethene and dienes. Tetrahedron Lett 54:1991–1993
Meng G, Szostak M (2015) General olefin synthesis by the palladium-catalyzed Heck reaction of amides: sterically controlled chemoselective N-C activation. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:14518–14522
Ager IR, Phillips L, Roberts SJ (1972) 19F nuclear magnetic resonance studies of aromatic compounds. Part II. The 19F chemical shifts in meta- and para-substituted fluorobenzenes, and 4-substituted 3′- and 4′-fluoro-trans-stilbenes. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 1972:1988–1995
Cao C, Zhu Y, Chen G (2013) Effect of substituents and conjugated chain length on the UV spectra of α, ω-di-substituted phenyl polyenes. J Phy Org Chem 26:834–839
Zhu T, Li Z, Xiao F, Duan WL (2018) Pd-catalyzed oxidative homo-coupling of acrylates and aromatic alkenes for the conjugated diene synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 59:3238–3241
Wen Y, Xie J, Deng C, Wu Y (2015) Synthesis of buta-1,3-dienes through palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of aromatic alkenes. Synlett 26:1755–1758
Authors’ contributions
XZ, QZ and ZX conceived and designed the experiments; XZ, YZ and HC performed the experiments; XZ and NW data curation; XW analyzed the data; ZX wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the partial support from the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PPZY2015B161). Dr. Xu thanks the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province and 333 Project of Jiangsu Province.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
All data are fully available without restriction.
Funding
This study was financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK 20171175) and Project of Science and Technology of Xuzhou Government (Grant No. KC16SG250). The work is also sponsored by Jiangsu Six Talent Peaks Program (YY-042).
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional file
Additional file 1.
The synthesis of starting materials, general procedure for the products and 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of all products.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, X., Zhou, Y., Zhu, Q. et al. Synthesis of (1E,3E)-1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-dienes promoted by μ-OMs palladium–dimer complex. BMC Chemistry 13, 39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0561-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-019-0561-3