Background

The transition from medical student to first year junior doctor (known as the ‘medical intern’ in Australia) is known to be stressful; it has indeed been described as a test of “fortitude and resolve” [1] and “a wilderness experience” [2]. Although surviving the day to day realities of being “thrown in at the deep end” [3] is believed to socialise the junior doctor and increase his or her confidence [2], reports of high levels of junior doctor anxiety [4] and burnout [5] are concerning. Many medical schools have responded to such reports by introducing intern preparation programs designed to reduce the abruptness of the transition [6], and there have also been a number of calls for more systematic guidance and training for both trainees and supervisors in the junior doctor years [1].

Transitions are embedded in medical training and practice, which has been described as having a somewhat “fragmented overall structure” [6]. The intern transition is the first of many workplace transitions for the junior doctor, who must continue to learn on the job while providing patient care. There are a number of theories of work-based learning [7, 8], and transitioning to new work roles [6]. Probably the best known theory of learning in healthcare settings cites these workplaces as examples of local “communities of practice”, based on their sustained relationships, common understandings and social norms, sense of belonging, and particular practical repertoires in which new recruits gradually gain proficiency through deliberate and supported practice [2, 8]. However it has been argued recently that current hospital healthcare settings may provide fewer opportunities for clinical year medical students and junior doctors to undertake this deliberate and supported practice, due to the relative isolation of learners from senior Faculty, rapid throughput of patients with diagnoses established prior to admission and fewer clinical signs than previously, inconsistent clinical exposure and increasing specialization [9, 10]. Frequent student and junior doctor transitions from one clinical team to another may also have a detrimental impact on professional identity formation (coming to “think, act and feel like a physician” [11]). Short stints in different clinical placements have been reported to promote shallow relationships with both patients and clinical teams, as well as a tendency to “manage (supervisors’) impressions” rather than seeking teaching from them, and find workarounds (including cutting corners and not answering pages) rather than investing in understanding and improving healthcare systems [9, 12]. It is therefore possible that medical students are currently graduating less well prepared for their junior doctor roles in terms of both knowledge and skills, and their developing professional identities. This may increase the abruptness and stressfulness of the intern transition.

Transitions are times of both risk and opportunity. Given that safe and effective patient care, and junior doctor well-being, are key priorities of the hospital workplace, preparation and support for the intern transition remain a key focus of medical education and training. Senior clinicians, whose evaluations of intern performance contribute to important decisions about speciality training programme selection and progression, may be quite removed from the workplace realities of their junior doctor colleagues. Educators and supervisors should understand the realities of contemporary intern life for medical graduates, and partner with them to optimise both undergraduate and postgraduate support and learning opportunities. The people who are likely to best understand the intern transition are recently graduated young doctors, who are also known to be key supports to their incoming colleagues [1].

The aims of this project were to better understand the intern transition, and evaluate how effectively our medical programme is preparing students for their intern roles, by seeking the perspectives of recent graduates.

Methods

In this project, six final year University of Queensland (UQ) medical students (three male and three female) were recruited on a medical student Facebook social media site, and invited to conduct individual semi-structured interviews with junior doctors about their experiences of the transition from medical student to intern. Junior doctor participants were selected by student interviewers through their personal networks, with the aim of obtaining a diverse sample of junior doctors and intern workplaces. The students developed a semi-structured interview guide in a session facilitated by ZT, following a general description of the “Intern Voice” project goals. The interview guide developed by the students invited the junior doctors to reflect on four areas: 1) their views about the medical programme, including any areas for improvement; 2) their medical student experience, including any advice for current students; 3) life as an intern and how prepared they felt for this; and 4) how to stay resilient through medical studies and training.

Junior doctor interviewees were advised that excerpts of the interview might be selected by the investigators and presented to the student body and to academic staff involved in the medical program curriculum, but that they would be given a preview of the draft presentations with the right to exclude any excerpts in which they featured. All interviews were video-recorded, and the audio content was transcribed.

One of the investigators (ZT) was a final year medical student at the time of the interviews, and a medical intern at the time of the data analysis. The other two investigators are academic staff in the UQ School of Medicine involved in curriculum development and delivery, and clinical teaching (NS in a general practice setting, JT in a hospital-based mental health facility). All interview transcripts were read in their entirety by all three investigators independently to gain familiarity with the data. Salient phrases or comments which exemplified provisional concepts or themes were highlighted in each interview, and compared across interviews to refine or expand the preliminary themes which emerged [13]. The investigators met three times face-to-face to refine the analysis. Emerging concepts and themes were identified by consensus using an iterative, inductive approach with constant comparison between interview data and the investigators’ preliminary concepts [14]. Refined concepts were categorised into major overarching themes, for which illustrative quotations were identified [13].

The investigators developed two summaries of the key recommendations made by participants in relation to 1) improving the medical programme, which was presented at a Faculty Teaching and Learning Committee, and 2) making the most out of medical school, which was uploaded to student eLearning sites. This paper focuses on findings from interview questions about 3) life as an intern, and 4) resilience during studies and training.

Results

The student interviewers recruited and interviewed fifteen junior doctors. A total of 12 h of interview footage was video-recorded. Participant demographics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Junior doctor participant demographics
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Interviewees appeared in the video footage to be engaged and relaxed in the interviews, although a minority requested ‘re-starts’ during their interviews to allow them to re-express their ideas more fluently. Although analysis commenced once interviews were completed, and saturation was not actively sought, no new themes emerged after the first ten interviews had been analysed.

Several participants made a number of specific suggestions in order to improve intern preparation, although others were sceptical that more effective preparation was possible. More teaching in a number of procedural, technical, clinical, communication and relational areas (including lumbar puncture, completing forms, managing ward call scenarios, writing in medical records, and negotiating conflict) was recommended. Medical students were advised to engage actively on the wards, and shadow their interns during their daily activities and during ward call shifts, in preference to spending time shadowing senior consultants or studying for medical assessments. Participants reported having experienced competing priorities in terms of performing well in medical school assessments, and engaging with their clinical teams; they reported having appreciated clinical rotations with lighter assessment loads.

Three key overarching themes emerged from the analysis: internship as a steep learning curve; the importance of relationships and working in teams; and responding to challenges and seeking help. The preliminary concepts of stepping up, changing focus, endurance, exhaustion, responsibility for patients, impact on senior colleagues, mistakes, criticism, self-care and self-doubt fell under “a steep learning curve”; communication, inter-professional roles, hierarchy, trust, professionalism, conflict, and being strategic with professional relationships fell under the relationships and team over-arching theme; and escalating, prioritising, being organised, peer support, family and friends, life outside medicine, stigma, and help-seeking fell under the overarching theme of responding to challenges and seeking help.

Illustrative quotations are provided in Table 2, for each of these themes.

Table 2 Illustrative quotations for major themes
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Theme one: a steep learning curve

Participants described the transition to internship as physically, psychologically, cognitively and emotionally exhausting. They also described an abrupt change in focus from what had mattered as a medical student to their new priorities as an intern, and an abrupt change from self-confidence to self-doubt and uncertainty. They reported learning to manage time pressures, frequent interruptions, changing priorities, long days, mistakes and criticism. Each clinical context was described as having its own local systems, which had to be learned by experience. The responsibility of caring for sick patients appeared to be felt keenly. Several participants reported difficulty maintaining self-care activities and social relationships especially outside work.

Theme two: relationships and team

Participants reported that a supportive team, and teaching and support from junior colleagues, were key in negotiating the intern transition. They reported some challenges working in teams, including identifying roles and negotiating different work ethics, personalities and approaches to patient care. Participants reported receiving criticism, some of it felt to be harsh, from other team members, both medical and non-medical. They were aware of the importance for their future medical careers of maintaining positive relationships especially with more senior medical colleagues. Participants described having a somewhat paradoxical status in hospital hierarchies, and emphasised the importance of communicating succinctly and accurately.

Theme three: responding to challenges and seeking help

Participants reported responding to the challenges by learning to be organised in managing administrative and clinical tasks, identifying and acting on priorities, and having a low threshold for escalating concerns. Participants emphasised the importance of actively consulting resources and seeking help to manage patients safely, but appeared to be less comfortable seeking help for their own personal or health problems. Participants suggested that pre-existing problems (for example depression which had developed during the medical program) were likely to be exacerbated during internship. They urged any students or junior doctors who were not coping to access help, but none admitted having sought help other than from family and friends themselves, and there was a strong view that obtaining professional assistance was complex because of stigma, time pressures, reluctance to increase the workloads of colleagues, and on occasion feelings of helplessness. Participants admitted to limited knowledge of specific services or resources which might be available.

Discussion

The intern transition is a key opportunity for senior medical students and junior doctors to “learn to play the role of physician, acquire the language of medicine, understand the hierarchy of the profession and its power structures, and learn how to live with ambiguity” [15]. Our findings suggest that the intern transition is experienced as abrupt and stressful, but affords many learning opportunities. Our findings extend previous reports by identifying many of the specific challenges involved, and reporting some junior doctor recommendations for improving intern preparation.

Although the team-based nature of health-care is emphasised in many current accounts of effective medical practice, our data provide some insights into the contemporary junior doctor perspective of working in health care teams.

The use of near peers as interviewers, who were personally known to participants, was a deliberate strategy to obtain candid reflections in a context of trust. This strategy also aligns well with educational models which view students and recent alumni as partners with academic teams in curricular design and evaluation [16]. However participants were aware that their comments might be selected for wider dissemination and might have had some reservations about divulging attitudes which had the potential to be perceived by academic staff as negative. The assurance that any video footage of such comments would be previewed by them, and would be excluded at their request, was intended to reassure participants who might have such concerns. Although participants were graduates of a single institution, purposive sampling ensured that data captures a diverse range of intern experiences. Three participants were working in North American settings, which differ in several respects from the Australian setting, including the streaming of interns into specialty training immediately after graduation, and different systems of health insurance. These participants are not identified because of the small numbers and concern about preserving anonymity.

Our participants reported being relatively well prepared in terms of clinical skills and knowledge (or at least able to access additional knowledge as needed). However, as other investigators have also found [3], they reported feeling under-prepared for management and administrative skills, and medical educators should consider explicitly discussing the more technical aspects of the intern role to prepare students for the fact that administrative tasks form a large part of their working day. Although active participation in their hospital communities of practice, and especially junior doctor shadowing, have previously been identified as particularly valuable for intern preparation [1, 2], participants reported having felt pressured to spend time with more senior clinicians instead. They were very aware of the potential negative impact on their careers of poor relationships with senior doctors.

Team support has also been recognised as critical in previous literature, particularly teams which show interest in the junior doctor as an individual [3] and provide regular feedback [1]. Shadowing junior doctors and sharing experiences with peers have also previously been identified as particularly valuable [12, 17]; this sharing may promote the “strong sense of shared social identity” which is known to be a factor in buffering stress [11]. Our participants recognised the importance of working well with other team members, but commented frequently on difference and conflict within these teams. They also acknowledged the paradoxical position of the junior doctor within the hospital hierarchy (which has received little discussion in previous literature), and acknowledged that it could be difficult to identify the roles played by other team members. This latter difficulty has previously been identified, and junior doctors have been described as “working in parallel with other team members” rather than together [12], with no shared vision of care [2]. Inter-professional education in simulated settings aims to challenge pre-existing attitudes towards different health professional groups (for example perceptions that some are more caring than others [18]), and prepare students to function in healthcare teams. However it has been suggested that team membership may be meaningless to students, until they start to feel useful [2]. Our findings suggest that inter-professional education should also support students to learn to negotiate differences in goals and attitudes towards work, difficult personalities, criticism and conflict within teams. More sophisticated preparation for organizational, team and relational challenges may benefit from insights from disciplines outside the health sciences including the social and behavioural sciences.

Participants described an initial loss of self-confidence during the intern transition, when faced with the responsibility and the uncertainty of real-world clinical practice. However they reported having adjusted quickly to the new demands of the junior doctor workplace, and appeared reluctant to report ongoing challenges. This is in keeping with previous findings that interns take some pride in surviving without “needing their hands held” [12]. Previous investigators have suggested that “feelings of vulnerability are often hidden and frequently not articulated” [19], and that more advanced junior doctors downplay the challenges of the intern transition [12].

Our participants emphasised the importance of finding individual strategies to cope with workplace stress, including exercise, socializing with both medical and non-medical friends and family, and various leisure activities. Participants emphasised the importance of seeking clarification, advice and support in managing patients. Seeking help, and escalating appropriately, are of course essential for patient care: skills in “slowing down”, and “help seeking” when appropriate, have a major impact on patient safety [20]. Medical educators have also emphasised the importance of seeking external feedback (“habits of self-directed assessment seeking”) to enhance learning and self-monitoring [20, 21]. However our participants did not report seeking help to cope with stress or personal health problems, despite recommending that others do so. Doctors’ decisions to access healthcare for themselves are complex: they are taken in the context of being time poor, learning to dismiss minor symptoms during medical school, clinical experience managing symptoms expectantly and tolerating uncertainty, setting a high value on self-management of health conditions, and an awareness of the psychological basis of many physical symptoms [22]. Stigma was also highlighted as a significant barrier, as was the potential for a longer term negative impact on career progression. Given these challenges it may be particularly important to facilitate access to healthcare for both medical students and junior doctors by signposting appropriate points of entry (including building relationships of trust with independent and caring general practitioners).

Conclusions

The intern transition continues to be experienced as abrupt, stressful and exhausting; our participants reported a drop in self-confidence, and difficulty maintaining self-care and social relationships. We extend previous reports by identifying many of the specific challenges involved, from the perspective of the junior doctor. Participants reported learning to manage long days, administrative and clinical tasks, frequent interruptions and time pressures; identify priorities; deal with criticism without compromising key relationships; communicate succinctly; understand team roles (including their own status within hospital hierarchies); and negotiate conflict. Supportive clinical teams, and teaching and support from junior colleagues, are reported to be invaluable in negotiating these challenges.

Findings may assist educators in refining their Intern preparation and intern training curricula, and ensuring that medical school and intern preparation priorities are not seen as competing. Inter-professional educators may find it useful to reflect on some of the team-based challenges which junior doctor participants identify, and consider including teaching from disciplines outside medicine and the health sciences about the organisational and relational challenges facing junior doctors and their health-care teams. Although junior doctor participants appeared to be comfortable seeking help to manage patients, they may be more reluctant to seek help to manage personal problems and report a number of barriers to doing so. Junior doctors are also very aware of the importance of maintaining positive relationships with senior medical colleagues.