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Physics of Mass Loaded Plasmas

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Abstract

In space plasmas the phenomenon of mass loading is common. Comets are one of the most evident objects where mass loading controls to a large extent the structure and dynamics of its plasma environment. New charged material is implanted to the fast streaming solar wind by planets, moons, other solar system objects, and even by the interstellar neutral gas flowing through our solar system. In this review we summarize both the current observations and the relevant theoretical approaches. First we survey the MHD methods, starting with a discussion how mass loading affects subsonic and supersonic gasdynamics flows, continuing this with single and multi-fluid MHD approaches to describe the flow when mass, momentum and energy is added, and we finish this section by the description of mass loaded shocks. Next we consider the kinetic approach to the same problem, discussing wave excitations, pitch angle and energy scattering in linear and quasi-linear approximations. The different descriptions differ in assumptions and conclusions; we point out the differences, but it is beyond the scope of the paper to resolve all the conflicts. Applications of these techniques to comets, planets, artificial ion releases, and to the interplanetary neutrals are reviewed in the last section, where observations are also compared with models, including hybrid simulations as well. We conclude the paper with a summary of the most important open, yet unsolved questions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, H-1525, Budapest, P.O. Box 49, , Hungary

    Károly Szegö

  2. Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 3, D-38106 , Braunschweig, , Germany

    Karl-Heinz Glassmeier

  3. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 202 The Avenue, Kennington, Oxford , OX1 5RN, , U.K

    Robert Bingham

  4. Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, D-85740 , Garching, , Germany

    Alexander Bogdanov, Christian Fischer & Gerhard Haerendel

  5. Centro de Fisica de Plasmas, Instituto Superior Tecnico, P-1096 , Lisboa Codex, , Portugal

    Armando Brinca

  6. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS , 66045, , U.S.A.

    Tom Cravens

  7. Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Postfach 20, D-37189 , Katlenburg-Lindau, , Germany

    Eduard Dubinin & Konrad Sauer

  8. University of Michigan, 1416 Space Res. Bldg., 2455 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI , 48109-2143, , U.S.A.

    Len Fisk, Tamas Gombosi & Nathan Schwadron

  9. Space Science Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH , 03824, , U.S.A.

    Phil Isenberg, Martin Lee & Eberhard Möbius

  10. CNRS-CESR, 9, Avenue du Colonnel Roche, BP 4346, F-31028 , Toulouse cedex 4, , France

    Christian Mazelle

  11. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 3, D-38106 , Braunschweig, Germany

    Uwe Motschmann

  12. Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, A , 92093-0319, , U.S.A.

    Vitali D. Shapiro

  13. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 169-506, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA , 91109, , U.S.A.

    Bruce Tsurutani

  14. The Bartol Research Institute, The University of Delaware, Newark, DE , 19716, , U.S.A.

    Gary Zank

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  1. Károly Szegö
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Szegö, K., Glassmeier, KH., Bingham, R. et al. Physics of Mass Loaded Plasmas. Space Science Reviews 94, 429–671 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026568530975

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