Abstract
Studies of the floral biology of the buriti palm, Mauritia flexuosa, have presented conflicting results with respect to the mechanism of pollination, indicating either cantharophily or anemophily. To resolve this question, the floral biology of M. flexuosa was studied in a coastal restinga environment in northeastern Brazil. The reproductive system was studied experimentally, and floral visitors were collected by bagging inflorescences. In this environment, M. flexuosa, a dioecious species, has several gender-specific floral features that function to attract pollinators, especially beetles. The male flowers produce large amounts of pollen as a reward, and male and female inflorescences produce similar odors that attract pollinators to female flowers, which offer only a nectar secretion as a reward. When feeding on the female flowers, the visitors frequently come into contact with the stigmata. To increase the chances of pollination, the female flowers persist longer than the male ones, and the viability of the pollen grain is very high. A curculionid beetle species of the genus Grasidius was found to be an effective pollinator. We suspect that wind also contributes to the pollination of M. flexuosa in the study area, but in a relatively minor way.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financing the project and for awarding a doctoral scholarship to the first author, the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for a “sandwich grant” provided to the first author (BEX number: 9892/11-7), and the manuscript reviewers. M. Nascimento authorized this study on his property; M. Rocha and H. F. Silva Filho helped collect data and assisted in the field; and Stephen Ferrari translated the manuscript.
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1
Floral visitors of the pistillate and staminate inflorescences of Mauritia flexuosa in an area of coastal restinga in Maranhão, Brazil. (♀ = pistillate inflorescence, ♂ = staminate inflorescence; Resources exploited: nr = not recorded; ex = exudate; po = pollen; se = secretion; Activity: fe = feeding on exudate; fp = feeding on pollen; fs = feeding on secretion; cp = collecting pollen; ma = mating; pr = predation of other arthropods; wa = walking; -- = unindentified; Category: ep = effective pollinator; op = occasional pollinator; pi = pillager; pd = predator; un = undetermined).
Class/Order/Family | Species | Abundance | Resource exploited | Activity | Category | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | |||
CLASS ARACNIDA | ||||||||
ORDER ARANEAE | ||||||||
Anyphaenidae | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | un | |||
Salticidae | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | un | |||
Theridiidae | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | un | |||
Thomisidae | 2 | 2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
ORDER PSEUDOESCORPIONES | 13 | 29 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
CLASS INSECTA | ||||||||
ORDER BLATTODEA | 0 | 5 | -- | -- | un | |||
ORDER COLEOPTERA | ||||||||
Brentidae | Apion sp. | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | un | ||
Carabidae | Lebia sp. | 1 | 15 | -- | po | -- | fp | pi |
Chrysomelidae | Chrysom. sp. 1 | 1 | 0 | -- | wa | un | ||
Chrysom. sp. 2 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- | -- | ma | un | |
Chrysom. sp. 3 | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | un | |||
Chrysom. sp. 4 | 2 | 0 | -- | -- | un | |||
Chrysom. sp. 5 | 0 | 3 | po | fp/wa | pi | |||
Cleridae | Clerid. sp. | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | un | ||
Coccinellidae | Coccinel. sp. 1 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Coccinel. sp. 2 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | |||
Curculionidae | Baridinae sp. 1 | 1 | 1 | -- | po | -- | fp | pi |
Baridinae sp. 2 | 1 | 7 | se | -- | fs | -- | pi | |
Parisoschoenus sp. | 2 | 0 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Cossonus sp. | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Andranthobius sp. | 0 | 4 | po | fp | pi | |||
Celetes sp. | 9 | 2649 | -- | po | wa | fp | pi | |
Elaeidobius subvittatus Faust | 1 | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | pi | |
Phytotribus sp. | 0 | 7 | po | fp | pi | |||
Grasidius sp. 1 | 1238 | 796 | se | po/ex | ma/fs | fp/fe | ep | |
Grasidius sp. 2 | 227 | 2413 | se | po | ma/fs | fp | op | |
Grasidius sp. 3 | 190 | 4449 | se | po | wa/fs | fp | op | |
Grasidius sp. 4 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Grasidius sp. 5 | 17 | 1545 | -- | po | -- | fp | pi | |
Grasidius sp. 6 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Grasidius sp. 7 | 70 | 2081 | -- | po | wa | fp | pi | |
Grasidius sp. 8 | 41 | 13,912 | -- | po | ma | fp | pi | |
Grasidius sp. 9 | 12 | 50 | -- | po | -- | fp | pi | |
Scolytinae sp. | 39 | 20 | -- | po | wa | fp | pi | |
Xyleborus sp. | 6 | 9 | -- | -- | -- | -- | pi | |
Terires sp. 1 | 2605 | 88 | se | po | ma/fs | fp | op | |
Terires sp. 2 | 6 | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | pi | |
Curculion. sp. 1 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Curculion. sp. 2 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Curculion. sp. 3 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | pi | |||
Elateridae | Elater. sp. 1 | 0 | 2 | -- | wa | un | ||
Elater. sp. 2 | 1 | 0 | -- | wa | un | |||
Histeridae | Hololepta plana (Sulzer) | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Nitidulidae | Mystrops cf. costaricensis Gillogly | 40 | 4700 | -- | po/ex | wa | fp/fe/ma | pi |
Mystrops sp. 1 | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | un | |||
Mystrops sp. 2 | 1 | 3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
Nitidul. sp. | 2 | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
Scarabaeidae | Cyclocephala sp. | 0 | 2 | -- | wa | un | ||
Scydmaenidae | Scydmaen. sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Silvanidae | Ahasverus cf. advena Walt. | 316 | 4061 | se | po/ex | wa/fs | fp/fe/ma | op |
Silvan. sp. 1 | 5 | 1 | -- | po | -- | fp | pi | |
Silvan. sp. 2 | 0 | 1 | po | fp | pi | |||
Silvan. sp. 3 | 1 | 187 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
Staphylinidae | Erchomus sp. | 0 | 2 | -- | wa | un | ||
Xanthopygus sp. | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | un | |||
Staphyl. sp. 1 | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | un | |||
Staphyl. sp. 2 | 1 | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
Staphyl. sp. 3 | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | |||
ORDER DIPTERA | ||||||||
Chloropidae | Chlorop. sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Dolichopodidae | Dolichop. sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Milichiidae | Milichiid. sp. | 2 | 2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un |
ORDER HEMIPTERA | ||||||||
Anthocoridae | Anthocor. sp. 1 | 16 | 192 | -- | ex | wa | fe | pi |
Anthocor. sp. 2 | 65 | 1143 | -- | ex | wa | fe | pi | |
Anthocor. sp. 3 | 8 | 11 | -- | ex | wa | fe | pi | |
Anthocor. sp. 4 | 159 | 666 | -- | ex | wa | fe | pi | |
Cicadellidae | Cicadellid. sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Coreidae | Leptoglossus sp. | 25 | 36 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un |
Cydnidae | Pangaeus cf. bilineatus Say | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | un | ||
Pentatomidae | Pentatom. sp. | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | un | ||
ORDER HYMENOPTERA | ||||||||
Apidae | Apis mellifera L. | 0 | nr | po | cp | pi | ||
Melipona flavolineata Friese | 0 | nr | po | cp | pi | |||
Partamona cf. cupira (Smith) | 0 | nr | po | cp | pi | |||
Plebeia minima (Gribobo) | 0 | nr | po | cp | pi | |||
Trigona fulviventris Guérin | 0 | nr | po | cp | pi | |||
Chalcididae | Chalcid. sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Formicidae | Dolichoderus sp. | 0 | 5 | -- | pr | pd | ||
Monomorium sp. | 3 | 8 | -- | -- | pr | pr | pd | |
Solenopsis sp. | 1 | 29 | -- | -- | pr | pr | pd | |
Formic. sp. 1 | 0 | 1 | -- | pr | pd | |||
Formic. sp. 2 | 0 | 1 | -- | pr | pd | |||
Formic. sp. 3 | 0 | 1 | -- | pr | pd | |||
Ichneumonidae | Ichneumon. sp. | 3 | 10 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un |
Vespidae | Polistes sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | ||
Vespidae sp. | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | un | |||
ORDER THYSANOPTERA | 323 | 2228 | -- | -- | -- | -- | un | |
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Mendes, F.N., de Melo Valente, R., Rêgo, M.M.C. et al. The floral biology and reproductive system of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in a restinga environment in northeastern Brazil. Brittonia 69, 11–25 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-016-9444-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-016-9444-2