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Major trends of evolution in palms

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Abstract

From the diversity found among palms the following evolutionary trends are suggested:habit: from sympodial to monopodial;size: from moderate toward large and also toward small;stem: from unbranched to dichotomously branched, from little to much sclerenchyma, from short to elongate internodes;leaf: from an undivided eophyll to a palmate, costapalmate, pinnately ribbed or pinnate blade; from undivided and plicate to divided along the adaxial rib (“induplicate”) or along the abaxial rib (“reduplicate”); from pinnate to bipinnate or to pinnae onceor twicedivided longitudinally; from sheath split opposite the petiole to sheath tubular; from marcescent to deciduous; from central vascular bundles of the petiole with a single phloem strand to two phloem strands;inflorescence units: from moderately branched to spicate or less frequently to more diffusely branched, from one unit per leaf axil to more than one per axil, from among the leaves to below them or to above them in a compound terminal inflorescence, from pleonanthic to hapaxanthic;prophyll: from completely to incompletely encircling the peduncle, from incompletely to completely sheathing in bud;bracts: from conspicuous to small or absent at maturity, first peduncular bract from tubular and open at the apex to completely enclosing the inflorescence in bud, and then from ungrooved to deeply plicate;flower arrangement: from solitary, pedicellate, bracteolate flowers to a sympodial cincinnus of 2 or 3 or more, or to a short monopodial axis of 2–4 or more;bracteoles: from sheathing and prophyllate to completely closed or to incompletely developed or absent;flowers: from bisexual to unisexual, then associated with polygamy or monoecism to dioecism;perianth: from trimery to dimery or tetramery to decamery or to reduced and monochlamydeous;sepals: from distinct and imbricate to connate or separated;petals: from distinct and imbricate to valvate, or strongly imbricate, or connate; from small and ovate to large and variously shaped, or to small;stamens: from 6 to 3 or to more than 6 (to 950+);filaments: from relatively slender and distinct to broad and thick, and often connate or adnate to the perianth or both;staminodes: from stamenlike with abortive anthers only, to short teeth, or to a cupule at the base of the ovary, or to absent;pollen: from monosulcate to trichotomosulcate to dicolpate to monocolpate, diporate, or triporate;gynoecium: from apocarpous to syncarpous, from thin walls to thick, variously specialized walls;carpels or locules: from 3 to 2-1 or to 4–10;ovules: from moderate to small or to large, from anatropous to hemianatropous to campylotropous to orthotropous;pistillode: from only slightly modified from the gynoecium to vestigial or lacking or rarely to prominent;fruit: from fleshy to dry and fibrous;endocarp: from little differentiated or thin, to thick and hard, and sometimes with a pore or operculum over the embryo;seed: from moderate to small or to very large, from entire to dissected, bilobed, or perforate;endosperm: from homogeneous to invaginated or ruminate;germination: from remotetubular or -ligular to adjacent-ligular;chromosome complement: fromn = 18 ton = 17, 16, 15, 14, 13.

Resumé

De la diversité trouvée parmi les palmiers les tendances évolutives suivantes sont suggérer:croissance: de sympodique à monopodique;taille: de médiocre à grande et aussi à petite;tige: de non branchée à divisée en branches dichotomes, de peu de sclerenchyme à beaucoup, de entrenoeuds courts à allongés;feuille: d’une eophylle entière à une limbe palmée, costapalmée, à nervures pennées, ou pennée, de tout entière et plicative à divisée le long des nervures adaxiales (“indupliquée”) ou des nervures abaxiales (“redupliquée”), de pennée à bipennée ou les folioles divisées longitudinalement une ou deux fois, de gaîne fendue de l’autre coté du pétiole à tabulaire, de marcescente à caduque, d’un faisceau du liber solitaire à faisceaux deux;unités de la inflorescence: de ramifiées modérément à spiciforme ou moins souvent à ramifiées plus diffusément, d’une unite seule par axille d’une feuille à plus d’unités par axille, de émergentes parmi les feuilles à émergentes au-dessous d’elles ou à émergentes au-dessus d’elles en une inflorescence composée, de pléonanthiques à hapaxanthiques;prophylle: de complètement à incomplètement ceignante le pédoncle, de incomplètement à complètement engainante la inflorescence bourgeonnée;bractées: de bien visible à petites ou absentes à maturité, la premier bractée pédonculaire de tubulaire et ouverte au sommet à complètement entourante la inflorescence bourgeonnée, et dans ce dernier cas de non cannalée à profondément plicative;disposition des fleurs: fleurs de solitaires, pédicellées, bractéolées à disposées en deux ou trois ou plus en cincinnus sympodique, ou à disposées en deux à quatre ou plus en un court axe monopodique;bractéoles: d’engainantes et prophylloides à complètement fermées ou à incomplètement développées ou absentes;fleurs: de bissexuelles à unisexuelles, et dans ce dernier cas associées en état polygame ou monoiïque a dioïque;périanthe: de trimère à dimère ou tetramère à decamère ou réduite et monochlamydée;sépales: de distincts et imbriqués à connés ou séparés;pétales: de distincts et imbriqués à valvés, ou fortement imbriqués, ou connés, de petits et ovales à grands et diversement formés, ou à petits;étamines: de 6 à 3 ou à plus que 6 (à 950+);filets: de relativement minces et distincts à larges et épais et souvent connés ou adnés à la périanthe, ou tous deux;staminodes: de staminiformes avec anthères abortives, à dents courtes, ou à une cupule à la base du ovaire, ou à absentes;pollen: de “monosulcate” à “trichotomosulcate” à dicolporé à monocolporé, diporé, ou triporé;gynécée: de apocarpée à syncarpée, avec parois de minces à épaisses et diversement specializées;carpelles ou locules: de 3 à 2-1 ou à 4–10;ovules: de médiocres à petits ou à grands, de anatropes à hemianatropes à campylotropes à orthotropes;pistillode: seulement légèrement modifier de la gynécée, à vestigiale ou absente ou rarement à saillante;fruit: de charnu à sec à fibreux;endocarpe: de légèrement différencié ou mince, à épais et dur, et quelouefois avec un pore ou un opercule au-dessus de l’embryon;graine: de médiocre à petite ou à très grande, de entière à découpée, bilobée, ou perforée;endosperme: de homogène à envaginé ou ruminé;germination: de éloigné-tubulaire ou-ligulée à adjacent-ligulé;complément de chromosomes: den = 18 àn = 17, 16, 15, 14, 13.

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    Harold E. Moore & Natalie W. Uhl

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Moore, H.E., Uhl, N.W. Major trends of evolution in palms. Bot. Rev 48, 1–69 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860535

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