Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Socioeconomic Status, Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping, and Psychosocial Factors: A Cross-Sectional Investigation in Mexican-American Women

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Abstract

Background

Despite established links between reduced nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping and cardiovascular disease, BP dipping research in Hispanics is limited.

Purpose

This study investigated socioeconomic status (SES) as a predictor of BP dipping and the contributions of psychosocial factors to this relationship. Analyses were conducted for the overall sample and separately for higher and lower acculturated women.

Methods

Mexican-American women (N = 291; 40–65 years) reported demographics and completed psychosocial assessments and 36-h ambulatory BP monitoring.

Results

Lower SES related to reduced BP dipping in the overall sample and in more US-acculturated women (r’s = .17–.30, p’s < .05), but not in less-acculturated women (r’s = .07, p’s > .10). An indirect effect model from SES to BP dipping via psychosocial resources/risk fits well across samples.

Conclusions

In Mexican-American women, the nature of SES gradients in BP dipping and the roles of psychosocial resources/risk differ by acculturation level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In response to a suggestion from an anonymous reviewer, analyses were repeated excluding individuals with <4 nighttime BP values. The pattern of results, in terms of direction and magnitude of effects, was quite similar across analyses. Thus, the larger sample size was maintained to maximize statistical power.

References

  1. Verdecchia P. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure: Current evidence and clinical implications. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 844–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: Follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation. 2005; 111: 1777–1783.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dolan E, Stanton A, Thijs L, et al. Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: The Dublin outcome study. Hypertension. 2005; 46: 156–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pickering TG, Shimbo D, Haas D. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354: 2368–2374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and non-dippers. Lancet. 1988; 2: 397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cuspidi C, Macca G, Sampieri L, et al. Target organ damage and non-dipping pattern defined by two sessions of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in recently diagnosed essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 1539–1545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fagard RH, Thijs L, Staessen JA, et al. Night-day blood pressure ratio and dipping pattern as predictors of death and cardiovascular events in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2009; 23: 645–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu M, Takahashi H, Morita Y, et al. Non-dipping is a potent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is associated with autonomic dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003; 18: 563–569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. JAMA. 1999; 282: 539–546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, et al. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: The Ohasama study. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 2183–2189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fagard RH, Thijs L, Staessen JA, et al. Prognostic significance of ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients with history of cardiovascular disease. Blood Press Monit. 2008; 13: 325–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Profant J, Dimsdale JE. Race and diurnal blood pressure patterns. A review and meta-analysis. Hypertens. 1999; 33: 1099–1104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hyman DJ, Ogbonnaya K, Taylor AA, Ho K, Pavlik VN. Ethnic differences in nocturnal blood pressure decline in treated hypertensives. Am J Hypertens. 2000; 13: 884–891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Spruill TM, Gerin W, Ogedegbe G, et al. Socioeconomic and psychosocial factors mediate race differences in nocturnal blood pressure dipping. Am J Hypertens. 2009; 22: 637–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stepnowsky CJ Jr, Nelesen RA, DeJardin D, Dimsdale JE. Socioeconomic status is associated with nocturnal blood pressure dipping. Psychosom Med. 2004; 66: 651–655.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Campbell TS, Key BL, Ireland AD, Bacon SL, Ditto B. Early socioeconomic status is associated with adult nighttime blood pressure dipping. Psychosom Med. 2008; 70: 276–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hickson DA, Diez Roux AV, Wyatt SB, et al. Socioeconomic position is positively associated with blood pressure dipping among African-American adults: The Jackson Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2011; 24: 1015–1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gallo LC, Matthews KA. Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: do negative emotions play a role? Psychol Bull. 2003; 129: 10–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gallo LC, Bogart LM, Vranceanu AM, Matthews KA. Socioeconomic status, resources, psychological experiences, and emotional responses: A test of the reserve capacity model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005; 88: 386–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Myers HF. Ethnicity- and socio-economic status-related stresses in context: An integrative review and conceptual model. J Behav Med. 2009; 32: 9–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Routledge F, McFetridge-Durdle J. Nondipping blood pressure patterns among individuals with essential hypertension: A review of the literature. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;6:9–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thomas KS, Nelesen RA, Dimsdale JE. Relationships between hostility, anger expression, and blood pressure dipping in an ethnically diverse sample. Psychosom Med. 2004; 66: 298–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mezick EJ, Matthews KA, Hall M, et al. Low life purpose and high hostility are related to an attenuated decline in nocturnal blood pressure. Health Psychol. 2010; 29: 196–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Steffen PR, McNeilly M, Anderson N, Sherwood A. Effects of perceived racism and anger inhibition on ambulatory blood pressure in African Americans. Psychosom Med. 2003; 65: 746–750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kario K, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW, Pickering TG. Gender differences in associations of diurnal blood pressure variation, awake physical activity, and sleep quality with negative affect: The work site blood pressure study. Hypertension. 2001; 38: 997–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tomfohr L, Cooper DC, Mills PJ, Nelesen RA, Dimsdale JE. Everyday discrimination and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in black and white americans. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72: 266–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brondolo E, Libby DJ, Denton EG, et al. Racism and ambulatory blood pressure in a community sample. Psychosom Med. 2008; 70: 49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rodriguez CJ, Burg MM, Meng J, et al. Effect of social support on nocturnal blood pressure dipping. Psychosom Med. 2008; 70: 7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ituarte PH, Kamarck TW, Thompson HS, Bacanu S. Psychosocial mediators of racial differences in nighttime blood pressure dipping among normotensive adults. Health Psychol. 1999; 18: 393–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cooper DC, Ziegler MG, Nelesen RA, Dimsdale JE. Racial differences in the impact of social support on nocturnal blood pressure. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 524–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Troxel WM, Buysse DJ, Hall M, et al. Social integration, social contacts, and blood pressure dipping in African-Americans and Whites. J Hypertens. 2010; 28: 265–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Holt-Lunstad J, Jones BQ, Birmingham W. The influence of close relationships on nocturnal blood pressure dipping. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009; 71: 211–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Arias EE, Schauman WS, Backlund EL, Sorlie PD. The Hispanic mortality advantage and ethnic misclassification on US death certificates. Am J Public Health. 2010; 100: S171–S177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Markides KS, Eschbach K. Aging, migration, and mortality: Current status of research on the Hispanic paradox. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2005; 60: S68–S75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Palloni A, Arias E. Paradox lost: Explaining the Hispanic adult mortality advantage. Demography. 2004; 41: 385–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Makrides KS, Coreil J. The health of Hispanics in the southwestern United States: An epidemiologic paradox. Public Health Reports. 1986; 101: 253–265.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bishop GD, Pek J, Ngau F. Ethnicity, sex, trait anger, and nocturnal blood pressure decline. Psychophysiology. 2005; 42: 290–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Karlamangla AS, Merkin SS, Crimmins EM, Seeman TE. Socioeconomic and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular risk in the United States, 2001-2006. Ann Epidemiol. 2010; 20: 617–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Steffen PR. The cultural gradient: Culture moderates the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and ambulatory blood pressure. J Behav Med. 2006; 29: 501–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gallo LC, Jimenez JA, Shivpuri S, Espinosa de los Monteros K, Mills PJ. Domains of chronic stress, lifestyle factors, and allostatic load in middle-aged Mexican-American women. Ann Behav Med. 2011; 41: 21–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Baumgart P, Kamp J. Accuracy of the SpaceLabs Medical 90217 ambulatory blood pressure monitor. Blood Press Monit. 1998; 3: 303–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Marler MR, Jacob RG, Lehoczky JP, Shapiro AP. The statistical analysis of treatment effects in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Stat Med. 1988; 7: 697–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Scheier MF, Wrosch C, Baum A, et al. The life engagement test: Assessing purpose in life. J Behav Med. 2006; 29: 291–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Simmons RG, Rosenberg F, Rosenberg M. Disturbance in the self-image at adolescence. Am Sociol R. 1973; 38: 553–568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 32: 705–714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Matthews KA, Shumaker SA, Bowen DJ, et al. Women's health initiative. Why now? What is it? What's new? Am Psychol. 1997; 52: 101–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994; 67: 1063–1078.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kubzansky LD, Kubzansky PE, Maselko J. Optimism and pessimism in the context of health: Bipolar opposites or separate constructs? Personality Soc Psychol Bull. 2004; 30: 943–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Gallo LC, de los Monteros KE, Ferent V, Urbina J, Talavera G. Education, psychosocial resources, and metabolic syndrome variables in Latinas. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 34: 14–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Taylor SE, Seeman TE, et al. Psychosocial resources and the SES-health relationship. In: Adler NE, Marmot M, McEwen BS, Stewart J, eds. Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations: Social, Psychological, and Biological Pathways (Vol. 896). New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 1999: 210–225.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Spielberger CD, Sydeman SJ, Owen AE, Marsh BJ. Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In: Maruish ME, ed. The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment. 2nd ed. Mahwah: Erlbaum; 1999: 993–1021.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Eaton WW, Muntaner C, Smith C, Tien A, Ybarra M. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Review and revision (CESD and CESDR). In: Masten J, ed. The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment. Mahwah: Lawrence Elrbaum; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Janicki-Deverts D, Cohen S, Doyle WJ. Cynical hostility and stimulated Th1 and Th2 cytokine production. Brain Behav Immun. 2010; 24: 58–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Barefoot JC, Dodge KA, Peterson BL, Dahlstrom WG, Williams RB Jr. The Cook–Medley hostility scale: Item content and ability to predict survival. Psychosom Med. 1989; 51: 46–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Res Aging. 2004; 26: 655–672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Harper S, Lynch J, Hsu WL, et al. Life course socioeconomic conditions and adult psychosocial functioning. Int J Epidemiol. 2002; 31: 395–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, et al. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom Med. 1996; 58: 113–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Shapiro D, Jamner LD, Lane JD, et al. Blood pressure publication guidelines. Society for psychophysical research. Psychophysiology. 1996; 33: 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Thomson MD, Hoffman-Goetz L. Defining and measuring acculturation: A systematic review of public health studies with Hispanic populations in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2009; 69: 983–991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Cruz TH, Marshall SW, Bowling JM, Villaveces AS. The validity of a proxy acculturation scale among U.S. Hispanics. Hispanic J Behav Sci. 2008; 30: 425–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Arcia E, Skinner M, Bailey D, Correa V. Models of acculturation and health behaviors among Latino immigrants to the US. Soc Sci Med. 2001; 53: 41–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Marin G, Gamba RJ. A new measurement of acculturation for Hispanics: The Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (BAS). Hispanic J Behav Sci. 1996; 18: 297–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gallo LC, Fortmann AL, Roesch SC, et al. Socioeconomic status, psychosocial resources and risk, and cardiometabolic risk in Mexican-American women. Health Psychol. 2011; 31: 334–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yuan KH, Bentler PM. Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociol Methodol. 2000; 30: 165–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Bentler PM. On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Pers Indiv Differ. 2007; 42:4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2007; 14: 464–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Kimbro RT, Bzostek S, Goldman N, Rodriguez G. Race, ethnicity, and the education gradient in health. Health Aff. 2008; 27: 361–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Gallo LC, de Los Monteros KE, Allison M, et al. Do socioeconomic gradients in subclinical atherosclerosis vary according to acculturation level? Analyses of Mexican-Americans in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 756–762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kaplan GA, Keil JE. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: A review of the literature. Circulation. 1993; 88: 1973–1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Phelan JC, Link BG, Diez-Roux A, Kawachi I, Levin B. "Fundamental causes" of social inequalities in mortality: A test of the theory. J Health Soc Behav. 2004; 45: 265–285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: Pathways and policies. Health Aff. 2002; 21: 60–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Seeman T, Merkin SS, Crimmins E, et al. Education, income and ethnic differences in cumulative biological risk profiles in a national sample of US adults: NHANES III (1988-1994). Soc Sci Med. 2008; 66: 72–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lantz PM, Golberstein E, House JS, Morenoff J. Socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors for mortality in a national 19-year prospective study of U.S. adults. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 70: 1558–1566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Soldatos CR. Insomnia in relation to depression and anxiety: Epidemiologic considerations. J Psychosom Res. 1994; 38(Suppl 1): 3–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Loredo JS, Nelesen R, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Sleep quality and blood pressure dipping in normal adults. Sleep. 2004; 27: 1097–1103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Matthews KA, Kamarck TW, Hall M, et al. Blood pressure dipping and sleep disturbance in African-American and Caucasian men and women. Am J Hypertens. 2008; 21: 826–831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Thoits PA. Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav. 2010; 51(Suppl): S41–S53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Evans GW. Environmental stress and health. In: Baum A, Revenson T, Singer JE, eds. Handbook of Health Psychology. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations Inc.; 2000: 365–386.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Warr D, Feldman P, Tacticos T, Kelaher M. Sources of stress in impoverished neighbourhoods: Insights into links between neighbourhood environments and health. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009; 33: 25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985; 98: 310–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH. The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology. 1993; 28: 76–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Holt-Lunstad J, Steffen PR. Diurnal cortisol variation is associated with nocturnal blood pressure dipping. Psychosom Med. 2007; 69: 339–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Matthews KA, Gallo LC, Taylor SE. Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1186: 146–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. de Castro A, Gee G, Takeuchi D. Examining alternative measures of social disadvantage among Asian Americans: The relevance of economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain for health. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010; 12: 659–671.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gallo LC, Shivpuri S, Gonzalez P, Fortmann AL, Espinosa de los Monteros K, Matthews KA. Socioeconomic status and stress in Mexican-American women: A multi-method perspective. J Behav Med. 2012; In Press.

  87. Hunt LM, Schneider S, Comer B. Should "acculturation" be a variable in health research? A critical review of research on US Hispanics. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 59: 973–986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Matthews KA, Gallo LC, Taylor SE. Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010; 1186: 146–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grant number 1R01HL081604 from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NHLBI/NIH). This research was also supported in part by grant number 1P20MD002293 (NCMHD/NIH), San Diego Partnership to Reduce Diabetes and CVD in Latinos. The contents of this manuscript are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH. We are grateful to Dr. Wendy Davila-Fraga, project manager, and all other research staff who assisted with this project. Sincere thanks are also due to the participants of “Nuestra Salud” for their invaluable contributions to this research.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Addie L. Fortmann M.S.

  2. Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Linda C. Gallo Ph.D. & Scott C. Roesch Ph.D.

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Paul J. Mills Ph.D.

  4. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Elizabeth Barrett-Connor M.D.

  5. Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Greg A. Talavera M.D., M.P.H. & John P. Elder Ph.D., M.P.H.

  6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Karen A. Matthews Ph.D.

  7. SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 9245 Sky Park Court Suite 105, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA

    Addie L. Fortmann M.S.

Authors
  1. Addie L. Fortmann M.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Linda C. Gallo Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Scott C. Roesch Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul J. Mills Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Elizabeth Barrett-Connor M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Greg A. Talavera M.D., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. John P. Elder Ph.D., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Karen A. Matthews Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Addie L. Fortmann M.S..

About this article

Cite this article

Fortmann, A.L., Gallo, L.C., Roesch, S.C. et al. Socioeconomic Status, Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping, and Psychosocial Factors: A Cross-Sectional Investigation in Mexican-American Women. ann. behav. med. 44, 389–398 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9387-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9387-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation