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Social Determinants of Health and Cardiovascular Disease: Current State and Future Directions Towards Healthcare Equity

  • Reviews and New Research Implications (S. Virani, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

We sought to examine the role of social and environmental conditions that determine an individual’s behaviors and risk of disease—collectively known as social determinants of health (SDOH)—in shaping cardiovascular (CV) health of the population and giving rise to disparities in risk factors, outcomes, and clinical care for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the United States (US).

Recent Findings

Traditional CV risk factors have been extensively targeted in existing CVD prevention and management paradigms, often with little attention to SDOH. Limited evidence suggests an association between individual SDOH (e.g., income, education) and CVD. However, inequities in CVD care, risk factors, and outcomes have not been studied using a broad SDOH framework.

Summary

We examined existing evidence of the association between SDOH—organized into 6 domains, including economic stability, education, food, neighborhood and physical environment, healthcare system, and community and social context—and CVD. Greater social adversity, defined by adverse SDOH, was linked to higher burden of CVD risk factors and poor outcomes, such as stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease, heart failure, and mortality. Conversely, favorable social conditions had protective effects on CVD. Upstream SDOH interact across domains to produce cumulative downstream effects on CV health, via multiple physiologic and behavioral pathways. SDOH are major drivers of sociodemographic disparities in CVD, with a disproportionate impact on socially disadvantaged populations. Efforts to achieve health equity should take into account the structural, institutional, and environmental barriers to optimum CV health in marginalized populations. In this review, we highlight major knowledge gaps for each SDOH domain and propose a set of actionable recommendations to inform CVD care, ensure equitable distribution of healthcare resources, and reduce observed disparities.

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Abbreviations

ARIC:

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CV:

Cardiovascular

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

HF:

Heart failure

MESA:

Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

MI:

Myocardial infarction

SDOH:

Social determinants of health

SES:

Socioeconomic status

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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Declarations

None

Conflicts of Interest

Dr Virani reports grants from the Department of Veterans Affairs, World Heart Federation, and Tahir and Jooma Family and honorarium from the American College of Cardiology (Associate Editor for Innovations, acc.org) and serves as a member of the steering committee for the PALM (Patient and Provider Assessment of Lipid Management) Registry at Duke Clinical Research Institute (no financial remuneration).

Dr. Nasir reports being on advisory board for Amgen, Esperion, and Novartis and is supported by Katz Academy of Translational Science.

Dr. Blaha reports grants from NIH, FDA, AHA, and Aetna; grants and personal fees from Amgen and Novo Nordisk; and personal fees from Bayer, Novartis, Sanofi, Regeneron, Akcea, 89Bio, Kowa, and Inozyme, outside the submitted work.

The other authors had no disclosures to report.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Author notes

  1. Mohammad Hashim Jilani and Zulqarnain Javed contributed equally as co-first authors

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Mohammad Hashim Jilani

  2. Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Zulqarnain Javed, Tamer Yahya, Javier Valero-Elizondo, Miguel Cainzos-Achirica & Khurram Nasir

  3. Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA

    Safi U. Khan

  4. Division of Health Equity & Disparities Research, Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA

    Bita Kash, Farhaan S. Vahidy, Miguel Cainzos-Achirica & Khurram Nasir

  5. Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Ron Blankstein

  6. Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affair Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Salim S. Virani

  7. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Salim S. Virani

  8. Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michael J. Blaha

  9. Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

    Prachi Dubey

  10. Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Adnan A. Hyder

  11. Center for Computational Health & Precision Medicine (C3-PH), Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA

    Khurram Nasir

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  1. Mohammad Hashim Jilani
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Jilani, M.H., Javed, Z., Yahya, T. et al. Social Determinants of Health and Cardiovascular Disease: Current State and Future Directions Towards Healthcare Equity. Curr Atheroscler Rep 23, 55 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00949-w

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