Abstract
The lubricant in a heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) hard disk drive must be able to withstand the writing process in which the disk is locally heated a few hundred degrees Celsius within a few nanoseconds and be able to sufficiently recover the lubricant depletion and accumulation zones so as to allow for stable flying heights and reliable read/write performance. In a previous publication, we simulated the distortion of thin Zdol films due to a thermal spot during HAMR writing and predicted several Angstroms of depletion. In this paper, we continue these simulations into recovery. Our simulation results indicate that lubricant deformation caused by small thermal spots of 20-nm full-width half-maximum (FWHM) recover on the order of 100–1,000 times faster than larger 1-μm FWHM spots. However, the lubricant is unable to recover from sufficiently high writing temperatures. An optimal thickness at which HAMR writing deformation recovers fastest is apparent for sub-100-nm FWHM thermal spots. Our simulations show that simple scaling of experimental observations using optical laser spots of diameters close to 1 μm to predict lubricant phenomena induced by thermal spots close to 20-nm FWHM may not be valid. Researchers should be aware of the possibility of different lubricant behavior at small scales when designing and developing the HAMR head-disk interface.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rottmayer, R., Batra, S., Buechel, D., Challener, W., Hohlfeld, J., Kubota, Y., Li, L., Lu, B., Mihalcea, C., Mountfield, K., Pelhos, K., Peng, C., Rausch, T., Seigler, M., Weller, D., Yang, X.: Heat-assisted magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 42, 2417–2421 (2006)
Kryder, M., Gage, E., McDaniel, T., Challener, W., Rottmayer, R., Ju, G., Hsia, Y.T., Erden, M.: Heat assisted magnetic recording. Proc. IEEE 96, 1810–1835 (2008)
International Technical Roadmap: Magnetic Data Storage—the technology of magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs). Tech. rep., IDEMA Advanced Storage Technology Committee (ASTC) (2013)
Dahl, J.B., Bogy, D.B.: Lubricant flow and evaporation model for heat assisted magnetic recording including functional end-group effects and thin film viscosity. Tribol. Lett. (2013). doi:10.1007/s11249-013-0190-2
Shukla N., Gellman A.J., Gui J.: The interaction of CF 3CH 2OH and (CF 3CF 2) 2O with amorphous carbon films. Langmuir, 16, 6562–6568 (2000)
Guo, X., Knigge, B., Marchon, B., Waltman, R.J., Carter, M., Burns, J.: Multidentate functionalized lubricant for ultralow head/disk spacing in a disk drive. J. Appl. Phys. 100, 044, 306 (2006)
Ma, Y., Chen, X.Y., Zhao, J.M., Yu, S.K., Liu, B., Seet, H.L., Ng, K.K., Hu, J.F., Shi, J.Z.: Experimental study of lubricant depletion in heat assisted magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 48, 1813–1818 (2012)
Ma, Y., Chen, X., Liu, B.: Experimental study of lubricant depletion in heat assisted magnetic recording over the lifetime of the drive. Tribol. Lett. 47, 175–182 (2012)
Karis, T.E., Kim, W., Jhon, M.: Spreading and dewetting in nanoscale lubrication. Tribol. Lett. 18, 27–41 (2005)
Ma, X., Gui, J., Smoliar, L., Grannen, K., Marchon, B., Bauer, C., Jhon, M.: Complex terraced spreading of perfluoropolyalkylether films on carbon surfaces. Phys. Rev. E 59, 722–727 (1999)
Dai, Q., Saint-Olive, C., Pit, R., Marchon, B.: Genesis and evolution of lubricant moguls. IEEE Trans. Magn. 38, 2111–2113 (2002)
Dai, Q., Knigge, B.E., Waltman, R.J., Marchon, B.: Time evolution of lubricant-slider dynamic interactions. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39, 2459–2461 (2003)
Pit, R., Zeng, Q.H., Dai, Q., Marchon, B.: Experimental study of lubricant-slider interactions. IEEE Trans. Magn. 39, 740–742 (2003)
Dai, Q., Hendriks, F., Marchon, B.: Washboard effect at head-disk interface. IEEE Trans. Magn. 40, 3159–3161 (2004)
Ji, R., Dao, T.K.L., Xu, B.X., Xu, J.W., Goh, B.L., Tan, E., Xie, H.Q., Liew, T.: Lubricant pickup under laser irradiation. IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 1988–1991 (2011)
Mate, C.M.: Application of disjoining and capillary pressure to liquid lubricant films in magnetic recording. J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3084–3090 (1992)
Ma, X., Gui, J., Marchon, B., Jhon, M., Bauer, C.L., Rauch, G.C.: Lubricant replenishment on carbon coated discs. IEEE Trans. Magn. 35, 2454–2456 (1999)
Wu, L.: Modelling and simulation of the lubricant depletion process induced by laser heating in heat-assisted magnetic recording system. Nanotechnology 18, 215, 702 (2007)
Wu, L., Talke, F.E.: Modeling laser induced lubricant depletion in heat-assisted-magnetic recording systems using a multiple-layered disk structure. Microsyst. Technol. 17, 1109–1114 (2011)
Ma, Y., Gonzaga, L., An, C., Liu, B.: Effect of laser heating duration on lubricant depletion in heat assisted magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 3445–3448 (2011)
Mate, C., Marchon, B.: Shear response of molecularly thin liquid films to an applied air stress. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3902–3905 (2000)
Scarpulla, M., Mate, C., Carter, M.: Air shear driven flow of thin perfluoropolyether polymer films. J. Chem. Phys. 118, 3368–3375 (2003)
Marchon, B., Saito, Y.: Lubricant thermodiffusion in heat assisted magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 48, 4471–4474 (2012)
Karis, T.: Lubricants for the disk drive industry. In: Rudnick, L. (ed.) Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, chap. 22, pp. 523–584. CRC Press, NY (2009)
Oron, A., Davis, S., Bankoff, S.: Long-scale evolution of thin liquid films. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 931–980 (1997)
Zhou, W., Zeng, Y., Liu, B., Yu, S., Hua, W., Huang, X.: Evaporation of polydisperse perfluoropolyether lubricants in heat-assisted magnetic recording. Appl. Phys. Express 4, 095, 201 (2011)
Zeng, Y., Zhou, W., Huang, X., Yu, S.: Numerical study on thermal-induced lubricant depletion in laser heat-assisted magnetic recording systems. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 55, 886–896 (2012)
Batchelor, G.: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1967)
Mate, C.M.: Taking a fresh look at disjoining pressure of lubricants at slider-disk interfaces. IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 124–130 (2011)
Karis, T., Tyndall, G.: Calculation of spreading profiles for molecularly-thin films from surface energy gradients. J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 82, 287–302 (1999)
Tyndall, G.W., Leezenberg, P., Waltman, R.J., Castenada, J.: Interfacial interactions of perfluoropolyether lubricants with magnetic recording media. Tribol. Lett. 4, 103–108 (1998)
Tyndall, G.W., Waltman, R.J., Pocker, D.: Concerning the interactions between Zdol perfluoropolyether lubricant and an amorphous-nitrogenated carbon surface. Langmuir 14, 7527–7536 (1998)
Waltman, R.J., Pocker, D., Tyndall, G.W.: Studies on the interactions between ZDOL perfluoropolyether lubricant and the carbon overcoat of rigid magnetic media. Tribol. Lett. 4, 267–275 (1998)
Powell, R., Roseveare, W., Eyring, H.: Diffusion, thermal conductivity, and viscous flow of liquids. Ind. Eng. Chem. 33, 430–435 (1941)
Karis, T., Marchon, B., Flores, V., Scarpulla, M.: Lubricant spin-off from magnetic recording disks. Tribol. Lett. 11, 151–159 (2001)
Ruckenstein, E., Jain, R.K.: Spontaneous rupture of thin liquid films. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2(70), 132–147 (1974)
Kubotera, H., Bogy, D.: Numerical simulation of molecularly thin lubricant film flow due to the air bearing slider in hard disk drives. Microsyst. Technol. 13, 859–865 (2007). doi:10.1007/s00542-006-0275-z
Patankar, S.: Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York (1980)
Marchon, B.: Lubricant design attributes for subnanometer head-disk clearance. IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 872–876 (2009)
Waltman, R.J.: The interactions between Z-tetraol perfluoropolyether lubricant and amorphous nitrogenated-and hydrogenated-carbon surfaces and silicon nitride. J. Fluor. Chem. 125, 391–400 (2004)
Christensen, R.M.: Theory of Viscoelasticity, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Inc., New York (1982)
Lei, R., Gellman, A., Jones, P.: Thermal stability of Fomblin Z and Fomblin Zdol thin films on amorphous hydrogenated carbon. Tribol. Lett. 11, 1–5 (2001)
Li, L., Jones, P., Hsia, Y.T.: Effect of chemical structure and molecular weight on high-temperature stability of some Fomblin Z-type lubricants. Tribol. Lett. 16, 21–27 (2004)
Marchon, B., Karis, T.E.: Poiseuille flow at a nanometer scale. Europhys. Lett. 74, 294–298 (2006)
Smith, R.L., Jhon, Y.I., Biegler, L.T., Jhon, M.S.: An atomistic study of perfluoropolyether lubricant thermal stability in heat assisted magnetic recording. IEEE Trans. Magn. 49, 3748–3751 (2013)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Computer Mechanics Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering Department.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dahl, J.B., Bogy, D.B. Simulation of Lubricant Recovery After Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Writing. Tribol Lett 52, 163–174 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0203-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0203-1