Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Challenges in implementing national systems of competency validation with regard to adult learning professionals: Perspectives from Romania and India

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Validation of prior learning (VPL), also referred to as recognition, validation and accreditation of prior learning (RVA), is becoming an increasingly important political issue at both European and international levels. In 2012, the European Council, the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched strategic documents and guidelines for supporting its wide implementation. A wide range of resources and experiences to learn from are already available for improving policy making and the quality and credibility of VPL practices. An intrinsic part of quality assurance concerns the level of training of practitioners accompanying the VPL process. Addressing the need for improved practices of adult educators’ continuing professional development as well as improved validation processes, this paper presents and analyses practitioners’ experiences with a piloted portfolio tool designed to support the validation of pedagogic competencies of trainers in adult education. While the pilot study was carried out in 20 European and 2 non-European countries, this article picks out and compares feedback from participants in Romania and India, which are both striving to catch up in terms of accreditation of non-formal and informal learning. Based on their findings, the authors’ reflections focus in particular on evident challenges for educational policy making in these two very different countries. They also consider related policy measures needed for improving the educational contexts in both countries, both in terms of validation practices and in terms of the professional development of practitioners applying such practices, in line with international trends.

Résumé

Les défis à l’application de systèmes nationaux de validation des compétences chez les professionnels de l’éducation et de la formation des adultes : perspectives de la Roumanie et de l’Inde – La validation des apprentissages antérieurs, appelée également reconnaissance, validation et accréditation des acquis de l’apprentissage (RVA), devient un thème politique d’importance croissante au niveau tant européen qu’international. Le Conseil européen, l’Institut de l’UNESCO pour l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie (UIL) et l’Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE) ont lancé en 2012 des documents et directives stratégiques en vue de promouvoir l’application de ce concept à grande échelle. Une grande diversité de ressources et d’expériences profitables sont d’ores et déjà disponibles et permettent d’améliorer l’élaboration des politiques afférentes ainsi que la qualité et la crédibilité des pratiques de RVA. Une part intrinsèque de l’assurance qualité porte sur le niveau de formation des praticiens qui accompagnent cette procédure. En réponse au besoin d’améliorer les pratiques en perfectionnement professionnel continu des éducateurs d’adultes ainsi que les procédures de validation, les auteurs de cet article présentent et analysent les expériences de praticiens à l’aide d’un outil testé et conçu en vue de faciliter la validation des compétences pédagogiques des éducateurs d’adultes. Si l’étude pilote a été menée dans 20 nations d’Europe et 2 pays non européens, les auteurs sélectionnent et comparent les retours reçus de participants en Roumanie et en Inde, ces deux pays s’efforçant de rattraper leur retard dans l’accréditation de l’apprentissage non formel et informel. À partir de leurs résultats, les auteurs concentrent leurs réflexions notamment sur les défis évidents à l’élaboration de politiques éducatives dans ces deux pays très différents. Ils envisagent en outre les mesures politiques connexes nécessaires pour améliorer les contextes éducatifs dans les deux nations, concernant à la fois les pratiques de validation et le perfectionnement professionnel des praticiens afférents, qui renvoient aux tendances internationales.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Some people and institutions (e.g. UNESCO) use the acronym RVA, created from Recognition, Validation and Accreditation of prior learning. Both RVA and VPL refer to the same thing.

  2. According to the website of the European Commission, “The Education and Training Monitor is an annual series that reports on the evolution of education and training systems across Europe, bringing together the latest quantitative and qualitative data, recent technical reports and studies, plus policy documents and developments […] The Education and Training Monitor supports the implementation of the strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (ET 2020) by strengthening the evidence-base and by linking it more closely to the broader Europe 2020 strategy and the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) adopted by the Council as part of the 2014 European Semester” (http://ec.europa.eu/education/tools/et-monitor_en.htm [accessed 15 July 2015]).

  3. All updated versions can be found at http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/projects/validation-non-formal-and-informal-learning [accessed 15 July 2015].

  4. See, for instance, the in-depth research supported by UNESCO on the Portuguese experience of the New Opportunities Initiative (Carneiro 2011). Based on empirical data, its intent is to provide the arguments, the reflections and the facts to learn from.

  5. Validpack was developed within the Validation of Informal and Non-Formal Psycho-Pedagogical Competencies of Adult Educators (VINEPAC) project, coordinated by the Romanian Institute for Adult Education (IREA) at West University of Timisoara, Romania. Validpack is a portfolio of validation instruments, creating a framework for the documentation and evaluation of adult educators’ competences, regardless of whether they have been acquired in formal, non-formal or informal learning contexts.

  6. Between 2007 and 2009, more than 1,118 trainers and trainers of trainers were certified this way (CEDEFOP 2013).

  7. The three Romanian universities currently offering Masters programmes in Adult Education are (1) West University of Timisoara (“Master on Educational Management and Curriculum Development”, developed as a joint programme with 10 universities from 9 European countries, compatible with the European Master in Adult Education); (2) University of Bucharest (Master in Teacher Training) and “A.I.Cuza” University, Iaşi (Master in Educational Policies and Educational Management).

  8. The “unorganised sector” includes, for example, enterprises run by pushcart vendors, whose activities are not legally regulated.

  9. The ten Indian universities offering certificate, diploma and degree-level programmes in Adult Education on a fulltime basis are (1) Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya University; (2) Sri Venkateswara University; (3) Bharatidasan University; (4) Barkatulla University; (5) H.N.B Bahuguna University; (6) University of Delhi; (7) Jamia Millia Islamia University; (8) SNDT Women’s University; (9) Manipur University and (10) North Eastern Hill Unversity.

  10. According to a recent estimate, there are about 340,000 grassroots-level adult educators, working in about 170,000 Adult Education Centres; each centre caters to the educational needs of a population of five thousand persons and has two adult educators (GoI 2015, p. 28).

  11. They are required to follow a training of 105 hours in one year; 70 hours spread over ten days prior to the job and 35 hours after six months of work; in reality, they rarely get the full mandated training, but averages vary between 20 and 50 hours.

  12. Leonardo da Vinci projects are part of the European “lifelong learning” education and training programme and focus on initial and further vocational education and training. An example of one of the better-known products to have emerged from this context is the European Computer Driving Licence. For more information see the Leonardo da Vinci projects and products portal ADAM at http://www.adam-europe.eu/adam/homepageView.htm#.VXqfJ98w_iw [accessed 12 June 2015].

  13. Project number Ro/06/C/F/TH-84201.

  14. Project number: 511883-2010-LLP-ro-KA4-KA4MP. For more information, see www.irea.uvt.ro [accessed 12 June 2015].

  15. The Chittoor district comprises 66 mandals (administrative sub-divisions) and three Revenue Divisions, namely Tirupati, Madanapalle and Chittoor. Out of the 66 Chittoor participants in our study, 60 were mandal coordinators.

References

  • Andersson, P., & Harris, J. (2006). Re-theorising the recognition of prior learning. Leicester: NIACE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjørnåvold, J. (2014). Validation of non-formal and informal learning in Europe: The challenging move from policy to practice. Presentation given at the 1st Biennale on VPL, Rotterdam, April 2014.

  • CAPIVAL (Capitalizing on Validpack). (2012). Final testing report. CAPIVALCapitalizing on Validpack: Going Europe-wide. KA4 dissemination and exploitation of results, 2010–2112. Project number: 511883-2010-LLP-ro-KA4-KA4MP. Timisoara: Romanian Institute for Adult Education (IREA).

  • Carneiro, R. (Ed.) (2011). Accreditation of prior learning as a lever for lifelong learning: Lessons learnt from the new opportunities initiative, Portugal. Palmeira Braga: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, MENON Network and the Portuguese Study Centre on Peoples and Cultures at the Portuguese Catholic University (CEPCEP).

  • CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training) (2008). Validation of non-formal and informal learning in Europe. A snapshot 2007. European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved 17 June 2015, from http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/4073_en.pdf.

  • CEDEFOP (2009). European guidelines for validating non-formal and informal learning. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved 17 June 2015, from http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/4054_en.pdf.

  • CEDEFOP (2011). 2010 update of the European inventory on validation of non-formal and informal learning. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved 17 June 2015, from http://libserver.cedefop.europa.eu/vetelib/2011/77643.pdf.

  • CEDEFOP (2013). Trainers in continuing VET: Emerging competence profile. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved 17 June 2015, from http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/4126_en.pdf.

  • CEDEFOP (2014). European inventory on validation: 2014 update. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events-and-projects/projects/validation-non-formal-and-informal-learning/european-inventory.

  • Crasovan, M., & Sava, S. (Eds.). (2012). Validation of competencies as part of career counselling. Thessaloniki: Grafima publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diarra, M. C. (2011). Formation des formateurs: place dans une éducation de qualité des adultes. International Review of Education, 57(1–2), 145–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duvekot, R. (2014a). Breaking ground for validation of prior learning in lifelong learning strategies. In R. Duvekot, B. Halba, K. Aagard, S. Gabrscek, & J. Murray (Eds.), The power of VPL – Validation of prior learning as a multi-targeted approach for access to learning opportunities for all (pp. 21–38). Amsterdam: Vught.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvekot, R. (2014b). Training the assessors and guides for validation of prior learning. In R. Duvekot, D. J. Kan, & J. Murray (Eds.), Linkages of VPL. Validation of prior learning as a multi-targeted approach for maximising learning opportunities for all (Vol. 2, pp. 45–68)., VPL Biennale series Amsterdam: Vught.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvekot, R. & Geerts, J. (2012). Handbook for the assessment and validation of pedagogical competences of adult educators. Timisoara: Romanian Institute for Adult Education (IREA)/Brumar. Retrieved 5 June 2015, from http://www.irea.ro/en/images/publications/capival.pdf.

  • European Commission (2012). Proposal for a council recommendation on the validation of non-formal and informal learning. Brussels. COM (2012) 485 final 2012/0234 (NLE). Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52012PC0485&from=EN.

  • European Commission (2014a). Education and training monitor. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved 4 June 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/education/tools/et-monitor_en.htm.

  • European Commission (2014b). The programming period 2015–2020. Monitoring and evaluation of European cohesion policy. European regional development fund, European social fund, cohesion fund. Guidance document on ex-ante evaluation. Brussels: European Commission, DG regional and urban policy, DG employment, social affairs and inclusion. Retrieved 10 June 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/2014/working/ex_ante_en.pdf.

  • GoI (Government of India) (2009). National policy on skill development. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Labour and Employment. Retrieved 15 July 2015, from http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/assets/images/NationalSkillDevelopmentPolicyMar09.pdf.

  • GoI (2011). Census 2011. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of home affairs. Retrieved 10 June 2015, from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/AboutUs/Contactus/Contactus.html.

  • GoI (2015). Report of consultative meeting to review the past performance of Saakshar Bharath held on 29 March 2015, annex IV (unpublished report). New Delhi: National Literacy Mission Authority, Government of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • GoR (Government of Romania) (2013). Romanian national qualifications framework. Government decision No 918/2013 regarding approval of the NQF. Bucharest: Government of Romania. Retrieved 5 June 2015, from https://isj.educv.ro/sites/default/files/H.G.918_2013.pdf.

  • INS (Romanian National Institute of Statistics) (2013). Statistical yearbook 2013. Chapter 2: Population. Bucharest: Institutul National de Statistica. Retrieved 15 July 2015, from http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/Anuar%20statistic/02/02%20Populatie_en.pdf.

  • IREA (Romanian Institute for Adult Education) (2008). Handbook for the use of validpack for the validation of psycho-pedagogical adult-educators’ competences. Timisoara: IREA. Retrieved 5 June 2015, from http://asemlllhub.org/fileadmin/www.dpu.dk/ASEM/events/RN3/EU_-_080000_-_Validpack_1_.pdf.

  • Lupou, R., Nuissl, E., & Sava, S. (2010). Credibility of trainer’s competences assessment. Procedia social and behavioral sciences, 2/2010. Retrieved 15 June 2015, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810004544.

  • Maslo, I., Surikova, S., Karttunen, A., & Aarna, O. (2012). Validation of non-formal and informal learning in Latvia, Estonia and Finland: An analysis of the context. Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(26), 29–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • MoESR (Ministry of Education and Scientific Research) (2015). Strategia nationala de invatare de-a lungul intregii vieti 20152020 [National strategy for lifelong learning 2015–2020]. Bucharest: MoESR. Retrieved 15 July 2015, from http://www.edu.ro/index.php%3Fmodule%3Duploads%26func%3Ddownload%26fileId%3D21199.

  • NQA (National Qualifications Authority) (2014). Centre de evaluare şi certificare a competenţelor profesionale autorizate de Autoritatea Naţională pentru Calificări. [Evaluation Centers for certifying the professional competences authorised by the National Qualifications Authority]. Bucharest: National Qualifications Authority (Autoritatea Naţională pentru Calificări). Retrieved 10 June 2015, from www.anc.edu.ro.

  • OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2012). Better skills, better jobs, better lives: A strategic approach to skills policies. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, P. A., & Devi, D. U. (2013). An assessment of competencies of the adult education facilitators through Validpack: A case study of India. Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy (BJSEP), 7(1), 67–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • RvB (Research voor Beleid) (2008). ALPINE – Adult Learning Professionals in Europe. A study of the current situation, trends and issues. Zoetermeer. Retrieved 15 July 2015, from https://ec.europa.eu/epale/en/resource-centre/content/alpine-adult-learning-professions-europe-study-current-situation-trends-and.

  • RvB (2010). Key competences for adult learning professionals. Contribution to the development of a reference framework of key competences for adult learning professionals. Zoetermeer. Retrieved 15 July 2015, from http://www.panteia.eu/References/Projects-and-publications?research=show.

  • Sava, S. (2012). Validating the pedagogical competencies of adult learning professionals. In R. Arnold (Ed.), Entgrenzungen des Lernens; Internationale Perspektiven fur die Erwachsenenbildung (pp. 159–174). Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sava, S., Borca, C., & Danciu, E. (2014). Integrated solutions for adult learning professionals to access at master level. In R. Duvekot, B. Halba, K. Aagard, S. Gabrscek, & J. Murray (Eds.), The power of VPL: Validation of prior learning as a multi-targeted approach for access to learning opportunities for all (pp. 79–90). Amsterdam: Vught.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sava S., Crasovan, M. & Siliman, A. (2012). The impact of the validation process on the professional development. In A. Heikkinen, L. Jõgy, W. Jutte & G. Zarifis (Eds.), The futures of adult educator(s): Agency, identity, and ethos (pp. 53–60). Joint conference proceedings, “The futures of adult educator(s): Agency, identity and ethos” 9–11 Nov. 2011. Tallinn: University of Tallinn/ESREA ReadNet.

  • Sava, S., & Lupou, R. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook for the use of Validpack for the validation of psycho-pedagogical adult educator’s competences. Timisoara: Mirton Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sava, S., Ulrich, C. & Mironov, C. (2013). References for the development of the professionalization system for adult education practitioners. Timisoara: Ed. Universităţii de Vest.

  • Shah, S. Y. (2010). Mapping the field of training in adult and lifelong learning in India. In R. Egetenmeyer & E. Nuissl (Eds.), Teachers and trainers in adult and lifelong learning: Asian and European perspectives (pp. 55–76). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, S. Y. (2012). Role of Validpack in professionalization of adult education in Asia: A case study of India. Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(26), 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. L. (2013). India: The NVQF and skills recognition. In M. Singh & R. Duvekot (Eds.), Linking recognition practices and national qualifications frameworks (pp. 107–115). Hamburg: UIL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M. (2014). Validation for empowerment and participation in “the learning society”. The potential of the UNESCO Guidelines for the recognition, validation and accreditation of the outcomes of non-formal and informal learning. In R. Duvekot, B. Halba, K. Aagard, S. Gabrscek, & J. Murray (Eds.), The power of VPL – Validation of Prior Learning as a multi-targeted approach for access to learning opportunities for all (pp. 103–128). Amsterdam: Vught.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M., & Duvekot, R. (Eds.). (2013). Linking recognition practices and national qualifications frameworks. Hamburg: UIL.

    Google Scholar 

  • UIL (UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning) (2012). UNESCO guidelines for the recognition, validation and accreditation of the outcomes of non-formal and informal learning. Hamburg: UIL. Retrieved 15 June 2015 from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002163/216360e.pdf.

  • Van Kleef, J. (2014). Adopting practical strategies to enhance quality in validation of prior learning. In R. Duvekot, D. J. Kang, & J. Murray (Eds.), Linkages of VPL. Validation of Prior Learning as a multi -targeted approach for maximising learning opportunities for all (Vol. 2, pp. 21–36). VPL Biennale series Amsterdam: Vught.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villalba, E. (2014). The 2014 update of the European inventory of validation of non-formal and informal learning: Preliminary outcome. Presentation given at the 1st Biennale on VPL, Rotterdam, April 2014.

  • Werquin, P. (2010). Recognition of non-formal and informal learning: Outcomes, policies and practices. OECD. Retrieved 5 May 2015 from http://www.oecd.org/edu/skills-beyond-school/44600408.pdf.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simona Lidia Sava.

Additional information

Both authors are are members of the Asia-Europe Research Hub on researching into lifelong learning (ASEM LLL), the research network 3, “Professionalisation of Adult Teachers and Educators in ASEM countries” (http://asemlllhub.org/researchnetworks/). This paper is based on the cooperation inside the network.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sava, S.L., Shah, S.Y. Challenges in implementing national systems of competency validation with regard to adult learning professionals: Perspectives from Romania and India. Int Rev Educ 61, 547–562 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-015-9501-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-015-9501-1

Keywords

Navigation