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Genetic Divergence and Biogeographical Patterns in Amentotaxus argotaenia Species Complex

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Abstract

The Amentotaxus argotaenia (Taxaceae) species complex is comprised of four relict and endangered gymnosperms. Amentotaxus argotaenia and A. yunnanensis are scattered throughout South and Central China, and A. formosana, and A. poilanei are restricted to Taiwan and Vietnam. In the present study, we examined genetic divergence and biogeographical patterns in the species complex based on chloroplast DNA atpI-atpH and rpS16-trnK intergenic spacers, the mitochondrial DNA nad1 intron, and microsatellite markers. Genealogical analyses revealed systematic inconsistencies between organellar DNA markers, with paraphyletic species inferred based on cpDNA, versus a monophyletic A. formosana, and clustering of A. poilanei within A. yunnanensis at mtDNA. AMOVA revealed that most organellar DNA variants resided among species and populations, a pattern also supported by clustering with STRUCTURE analyses on microsatellites. Higher levels of genetic diversity in the Yongxin population of A. argotaenia reflected features of a refugium. Most speciation events were rather recent, with divergence no earlier than 2.50 MYA, although many ancient lineages derived 4.12–13.84 MYA were maintained within species. Significant genetic structuring within A. argotaenia was detected among three geographical regions—a phylogeographical pattern likely attributable to past fragmentations. In contrast to paraphyletic A. argotaenia based on the maintenance of ancestral polymorphisms, interspecific hybridization likely contributed to polyphyly in A. yunnanensis. Furthermore, despite the low likelihood of recurrent gene flow due to geographical isolation, IM analyses revealed continued interspecific gene flow after species divergence, reflecting a parapatric speciation model.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Chao-Yi Deng, Guo-Sheng He, Yun-Fei Deng and Hua-Gu Ye for their help with material sampling. We also thank Joanna Schultz (Lewis-Clark State College, ID) and two reviewers for their helpful comments. This study was supported financially by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2014CB954100) National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30170070), and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 96-2628-B-020 -001 -MY2 and NSC 102-2628-B-110 -001 -MY3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China

    Xue-Jun Ge

  2. Graduate Institute of Bioresources, Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan

    Kuo-Hsiang Hung

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    Ya-Zhu Ko & Yu-Chung Chiang

  4. Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, Taiwan

    Tsai-Wen Hsu

  5. Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China

    Xun Gong

  6. Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

    Tzen-Yuh Chiang

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  1. Xue-Jun Ge
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Correspondence to Tzen-Yuh Chiang or Yu-Chung Chiang.

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X.-J. Ge and K.-H. Hung contributed equally to this work.

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Ge, XJ., Hung, KH., Ko, YZ. et al. Genetic Divergence and Biogeographical Patterns in Amentotaxus argotaenia Species Complex. Plant Mol Biol Rep 33, 264–280 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-014-0742-0

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