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Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment in the western subarctic pacific (SEEDS II)

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Abstract

A mesoscale iron-enrichment study (SEEDS II) was carried out in the western subarctic Pacific in the summer of 2004. The iron patch was traced for 26 days, which included observations of the development and the decline of the bloom by mapping with sulfur hexafluoride. The experiment was conducted at almost the same location and the same season as SEEDS (previous iron-enrichment experiment). However, the results were very different between SEEDS and SEEDS II. A high accumulation of phytoplankton biomass (∼18 mg chl m−3) was characteristic of SEEDS. In contrast, in SEEDS II, the surface chlorophyll-a accumulation was lower, 0.8 to 2.48 mg m−3, with no prominent diatom bloom. Photosynthetic competence in terms of F v/F m for the total phytoplankton community in the surface waters increased after the iron enrichments and returned to the ambient level by day 20. These results suggest that the photosynthetic physiology of the phytoplankton assemblage was improved by the iron enrichments and returned to an iron-stressed condition during the declining phase of the bloom. Pico-phytoplankton (<2 µm) became dominant in the chlorophyll-a size distribution after the bloom. We observed a nitrate drawdown of 3.8 µM in the patch (day 21), but there was no difference in silicic acid concentration between inside and outside the patch. Mesozooplankton (copepod) biomass was three to five times higher during the bloom-development phase in SEEDS II than in SEEDS. The copepod biomass increased exponentially. The grazing rate estimation indicates that the copepod grazing prevented the formation of an extensive diatom bloom, which was observed in SEEDS, and led to the change to a pico-phytoplankton dominated community towards the end of the experiment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8639, Japan

    Atsushi Tsuda, Mitsuo Uematsu, Keiri Imai, Yoko Iwamoto, Ryuji J. Machida, Akira Narita, Hajime Obata, Hiroshi Ogawa & Kenji Oguma

  2. Department of Aquatic Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan

    Shigenobu Takeda, Yoshiko Kondo & Mitsuhide Sato

  3. Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Shiogama, Miyagi, 985-0001, Japan

    Hiroaki Saito & Naoki Yoshie

  4. Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan

    Jun Nishioka

  5. Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0813, Japan

    Isao Kudo, Yoshifumi Noiri, Hyoe Takata & Yutaka W. Watanabe

  6. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

    Yukihiro Nojiri & Takafumi Aramaki

  7. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan

    Koji Suzuki, Maki Hayakawa & Tomoshi Isada

  8. School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Libby Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, U.S.A.

    Mark L. Wells

  9. Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan

    Daisuke Tsumune & Takeshi Yoshimura

  10. National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 311-1202, Japan

    Tatsuo Aono, Takahiro Nakanishi & Tomofumi Sakuragi

  11. Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA, 94920, U.S.A.

    William P. Cochlan

  12. Institute of Ocean Science, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada

    William K. Johnson & Chi Shing Wong

  13. Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan

    Sohiko Kameyama & Fumiko Nakagawa

  14. Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan

    Shungo Kato

  15. Marine Biological Research Institute of Japan, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-0042, Japan

    Hiroshi Kiyosawa

  16. Department of Biology, University of Laval, Quebec, G1K 7P4, Canada

    Maurice Levasseur

  17. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Ippei Nagao

  18. Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan

    Seiji Nakatsuka

  19. Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 085-0802, Japan

    Tsuneo Ono

  20. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8471, Japan

    Motoki Sasakawa

  21. The General Environmental Technos Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-0052, Japan

    Akifumi Shimamoto

  22. School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N, UWO, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada

    Charles G. Trick

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  1. Atsushi Tsuda
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  2. Shigenobu Takeda
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  40. Hyoe Takata
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  42. Yutaka W. Watanabe
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  44. Naoki Yoshie
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Correspondence to Atsushi Tsuda.

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Tsuda, A., Takeda, S., Saito, H. et al. Evidence for the grazing hypothesis: Grazing reduces phytoplankton responses of the HNLC ecosystem to iron enrichment in the western subarctic pacific (SEEDS II). J Oceanogr 63, 983–994 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0082-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-007-0082-x

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