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Maximally permissive deadlock avoidance for resource allocation systems with R/W-locks

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Abstract

This paper extends the existing theory on maximally permissive liveness-enforcing supervision of resource allocation systems (RAS) so that it can handle RAS with reader / writer (R/W-) locks. A key challenge that is posed by this new RAS class stems from the fact that the underlying state space is not necessarily finite. We effectively address this obstacle by taking advantage of special structure that exists in the set of inadmissible states and enables a finite representation of this set through its minimal elements.

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Notes

  1. A comprehensive exposition of the Gadara project, including its goals and its current achievements, can be found at: http://gadara.eecs.umich.edu, . We should also notice, for completeness, that the very first studies on the problem of deadlock avoidance took place in the 1960’s / early 1970’s in the context of the computing technologies of that era (e.g., Dijkstra (1965); Coffman et al. (1971); Holt (1972)). But the connection of deadlock avoidance to DES theory took place primarily through the works mentioned above.

  2. Maximal permissiveness and all other technical concepts appearing in this introductory discussion will be formally defined in the subsequent sections.

  3. And, of course, it extends the original Gadara RAS model with the novel element of R/W-locks.

  4. The acyclicity requirement for digraphs \(\mathcal {G}_{j}\) will be removed in Section 7.

  5. We remind the reader that \(a^{+} \equiv \max \{a,0\}\) and \(a^{-} \equiv \min \{a,0\}\).

  6. We notice, for completeness, that a formal proof for these results can be obtained, for instance, through the analytical characterization of state safety that is presented in Reveliotis and Ferreira (1996) and Reveliotis (1996).

  7. This claim is substantiated by the computational experiments that are presented in Section 6. Also, we notice that it is possible to skip the elimination of the reachable unsafe states in the construction of the list d e a d l o c k H T, without compromising the correctness of the resulting implementation of the maximally permissive DAP that was discussed in Section 2. However, the presence of the unreachable deadlock states in d e a d l o c k H T would have an adversarial impact on the complexity of the computation of the set \(\bar {S}_{r\bar {s}}\) that is discussed in Section 5, that is much more severe than the computational cost of their removal from that list.

  8. We remind the reader that the out-degree of a node v in a digraph \(\mathcal {G}\) is equal to the number of edges that emanate from v.

  9. This result is similar to a result that is established in the “ ⇐=” part of the proof for Theorem 1 in Liao et al. (2013b). Here we state and prove the result in the context of the representational formalisms for the R/W-RAS and their behavioral dynamics that are employed in this work.

  10. It is interesting to notice that the preservation of the monotonicity of (un-)safety in the face of the underlying uncontrollable behavior has been accepted rather silently in the previous works on the Gadara RAS.

  11. We remind the reader that two nodes \(v, {v}^{\prime }\) in a digraph \(\mathcal {G}=(V,E)\) are communicating if there are directed paths in \(\mathcal {G}\) that lead from each of these two nodes to the other one. Nodal communication defines an equivalence relationship on the node set V of \(\mathcal {G}\) and the corresponding equivalence classes are known as the communication classes of \(\mathcal {G}\). The condensation of \(\mathcal {G}\) that is induced by this relationship, is the digraph \(\hat {\mathcal {G}}\) that is obtained by collapsing each communication class to a single (macro-)node while retaining all edges that connect nodes in different communication classes. By its construction, \(\hat {\mathcal {G}}\) is an acyclic digraph.

  12. For the sake of brevity, we refer to Nazeem and Reveliotis (2014) for the relevant details.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. United Airlines, Chicago, IL, USA

    Ahmed Nazeem

  2. School of Industrial, Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Spyros Reveliotis

Authors
  1. Ahmed Nazeem
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  2. Spyros Reveliotis
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Correspondence to Spyros Reveliotis.

Additional information

This work was partially supported by NSF grant CMMI-MES-0928231.

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Nazeem, A., Reveliotis, S. Maximally permissive deadlock avoidance for resource allocation systems with R/W-locks. Discrete Event Dyn Syst 25, 31–63 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10626-014-0202-x

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