Abstract
The article analyzes the results of the EOF decomposition of climatic data and assesses the role of its components in the formation of climatic ice tendencies of recent decades. The analysis considers a state vector, which includes sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and surface wind, scaled accordingly. The seasonal cycle variations were also considered. An assessment of the ocean-ice system sensitivity to the time scales of atmospheric processes, based on the SibCIOM model, showed that the rate of decline of the annual ice minimum volume decreases by 2/3 when atmospheric forcing contains no variations of the 8–30-day scale, that is, if the formation of atmospheric blockings is excluded. Applying trend elimination for each of the EOF modes, comparing the results of the simulation with the base experiment which includes all trends, it was possible to estimate the role of each mode in shaping the trend of Arctic ice volume decline. The comparison shows that the first mode, representing the seasonal cycle, forms an integral tendency of ice volume decline by 96% of the original trend. Among other modes, the strongest influence on this trend shows second mode, representing Arctic Oscillations; it forms trend by 17%, and third mode, resulting from inclusion of the surface air temperature into the state vector, by 18%. In the marginal seas, the role of higher modes becomes not so small in comparison with the first mode.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Årthun M, Eldevik T (2016) On anomalous ocean heat transport toward the Arctic and associated climate predictability. J Clim 29:689–704. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0448.1
Bitz CM, Lipscomb WH (1999) An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice. J Geophys Res Oceans 104(C7):15669–15677
Bjornsson H, Venegas SA (1997) A manual of EOF and SVD analyses of climate data. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Centre for Climate and Global Change Research, McGill University
Burt MA, Randall DA, Branson MD (2015) Dark warming. J Clim 29:705–719. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0147.1
Cao Y, Liang S, Chen X, He T, Wang D, Cheng X (2017) Enhanced wintertime greenhouse effect reinforcing Arctic amplification and initial sea-ice melting. Sci Rep 7(1)
Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Gersten R, Stock L (2008) Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031972
Dong X, Zib BJ, Xi B, Stanfield R, Deng Y, Zhang X, Lin B, Long CN (2014) Critical mechanisms for the formation of extreme Arctic sea-ice extent in the summers of 2007 and 1996. Clim Dyn 43:53–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1920-8
Dymnikov VP, Volodin EM, Galin VY, Glazunov AV, Gritsun AS, Dianskii NA, Lykosov VN (2004) Sensitivity of the climate system to small external forcing. Russian meteorology and hydrology. Issue 4. P. 53–64
Francis JA, Hunter E, Key JR, Wang X (2005) Clues to variability in Arctic minimum sea ice extent. Geophys Res Lett 32:L21501. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024376
Fučkar A, Guemas V, Johnson NC, Massonnet F, Doblas-Reyes FJ (2016) Clusters of interannual sea ice variability in the northern hemisphere. Clim Dyn 47:1527–1543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2917-2
Golubeva EN, Platov GA (2007) On improving the simulation of AtlanticWater circulation in the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 112:C04S05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003734
Golubeva EN, Platov GA (2009) Numerical modeling of the Arctic Ocean Ice System Response To Variations In The Atmospheric Circulation from 1948 to 2007. Izv Atmos Oceanic Phys 45(1):137–151
Golubeva EN, Ivanov JA, Kuzin VI, Platov GA (1992) Numerical modeling of the World Ocean circulation including upper ocean mixed layer. Oceanology. 32(3):395–405
Graversen RJ, Mauritsen T, Tjernström M, Källén E, Svensson G (2008) Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming. Nature 451:53–56
Graversen RJ, Langen PL, Mauritsen T (2014) Polar amplification in the CCSM4 climate model, the contributions from the lapse-rate and the surface-albedo feedbacks. J Clim 27:4433–4450. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00551.1
Hunke EC, Dukowicz JK (1997) An elastic–viscous–plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J Phys Oceanogr 27:1849–1867. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1849:AEVPMF>2.0.CO;2
Hurrell JW (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperature and precipitation. Science 269:676–679
IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
Jun S-Y, Ho C-H, Jeong J-H, Choi Y-S, Kim B-M (2016) Recent changes in winter Arctic clouds and their relationships with sea ice and atmospheric conditions/. Tellus A 68:29130. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29130
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo KC, Ropelewski C, Wang J, Leetmaa A, Reynolds R, Roy J, Dennis J (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 77:437–470
Katsov VM, Porfiriev BN (2011) Climate change in the Arctic: environmental and economic impacts. Arctic: Ecol Econ 2(6):66–79 (in Russian)
Kay JE, Holland MM, Jahn A (2011) Inter-annual to multi-decadal Arctic sea ice extent trends in a warming world. Geophys Res Lett 38:L15708. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048008
Kim K-Y, Hamlington BD, Na H, Kim J (2016) Mechanism of seasonal Arctic sea ice evolution and Arctic amplification. Cryosphere 10:2191–2202. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2191-2016
Kim K-Y, Kim J, Yeo S, Na H, Hamlington BD, Leben RR (2017) Understanding the mechanism of Arctic amplification and sea ice loss. Cryosphere Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-39
Kobayashi S, Ota Y, Harada Y, Ebita A, Moriya M, Onoda H, Onogi K, Kamahori H, Kobayashi C, Endo H, Miyaoka K, Takahashi K (2015) The JRA-55 reanalysis: general specifications and basic characteristics. J Meteorol Soc Japan Ser II 93(1):5–48. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001
Large WG, Yeager SG (2009) The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set. Clim Dyn 33:341–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3
Lee S, Gong T, Feldstein SB, Screen JA, Simmonds I (2017) Revising the cause of the 1989-2009 Arctic surface warming using the surface energy budget: downward infrared radiation dominates the surface fluxes. Geophys Res Lett 44:10654–10661. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075375
Leonard BP (1979) A stable and accurate convective modeling procedure based on quadratic upstream interpolation. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 19:59–98
Leonard BP, Lock AP, MacVean MK (1996) Conservative explicit unrestricted-time-step multidimensional constancy-preserving advection schemes. Mon Weather Rev 124:2588–2606
Lindsay R, Schweiger A (2015) Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. Cryosphere 9:269–283. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-269-2015
Lipscomb WH, Hunke EC (2004) Modeling sea ice transport using incremental remapping. Mon Wea Rev 132:1341–1354. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1341:MSITUI>2.0.CO;2
Liu Y, Key JR (2014) Less winter cloud aids summer 2013 Arctic sea ice return from 2012 minimum. Environ Res Lett 9:044002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044002
Luo D, Xiao Y, Yao Y, Dai A, Simmonds I, Franzke CLE (2016a) Impact of Ural blocking on winter warm Arctic-cold Eurasian anomalies Part I: Blocking-Induced Amplification. J Climate 29:3926–3947. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0611.1
Luo D, Xiao Y, Yao Y, Dai A, Simmonds I, Franzke CLE (2016b) Impact of Ural blocking on winter warm Arctic-cold Eurasian anomalies Part I: The Link to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Clim 29:3949–3971. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0612.1
Luo B, Luo D, Wu L, Zhong L, Simmonds I (2017) Atmospheric circulation patterns which promote winter Arctic sea ice decline. Environ Res Lett 12:054017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa69d0
Luo D, Chen X, Dai A, Simmonds I (2018) Changes in atmospheric blocking circulations linked with winter Arctic warming: a new perspective. J Clim 31:7661–7678. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0040.1
Lyakhov AN (2006) Modern methods of data processing in geophysics. In: Lectures of BFShSh-2006, pp. 39–46 (in Russian)
Lykossov VN, Platov GA (1992) A numerical model of interaction between atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. Russ J Numer Anal Math Model 7(5):419–440
Malakhova VV, Golubeva EN (2013) On possible methane emissions from the East Arctic Sea. Atmos Oceanic Opt 26(6):452–458 (in Russian)
Murray RJ (1996) Explicit generation of orthogonal grids for ocean models. J Comput Phys 126:251–273. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.0136
Nghiem S, Rigor I, Perovich D, Clemente-Colón P, Weatherly J, Neumann G (2007) Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 34:L19504. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031138
North GR, Bell TL, Cahalan RF, Moeng FJ (1982) Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon Weather Rev 110:699–706. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0699:SEITEO>2.0.CO;2
Parkinson CL, Washington WM (1979) A large scale numerical model of sea ice. J Geophys Res 84:311–337
Pithan F, Mauritsen T (2014) Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nat Geosci 7:181–184. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2071
Platov G (2011) Numerical modeling of the Arctic Ocean deepwater formation: part II. Results of regional and global experiments. Izv Atmos Oceanic Phys 47(3):377–392. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433811020083
Proshutinsky A, Johnson MA (1997) Two circulation regimes of the wind driven Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 102:12493–12514
Proshutinsky A, Kowalik Z (2007) Preface to special section on Arctic Ocean model intercomparison project (AOMIP) studies and results. J Geophys Res 112:C04S01. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004017
Proshutinsky A, Steele M, Timmermans M-L (2016) Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS): past, current, and future activities. J Geophys Res Oceans 121:3803–3819. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011898
Rigor IG, Colony RL, Martin S (2000) Variations in surface air temperature observations in the Arctic, 1979-97. J Clim 13:896–914
Rigor IG, Wallace JM, Colony RL (2002) Response of sea ice to the Arctic oscillation. J Clim 15:2648–2663
Rosati A, Miyakoda K (1988) A general-circulation model for upper-ocean simulation. J Phys Oceanogr 18:1601–1626
Röske F (2006) A global heat and freshwater forcing dataset for ocean models. Ocean Model 11:235–297
Rossow WB, Zhang Y-S (1995) Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP datasets, 2 Validation and first results. J Geophys Res, 100: 1167–1197
Sarkisyan AS, Ibrayev RA, Iakovlev NG (2010) High resolution and four-dimensional analysis as a prospect for ocean modelling. Russ J Numer Anal Math Model 25(5):477–496
Schweiger A, Lindsay R, Zhang J, Steele M, Stern H, Kwok R (2011) Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume. J Geophys Res 116:C00D06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007084
Screen JA, Simmonds I (2010) The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature 464:1334–1337. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09051
Screen JA, Simmonds I (2011) Erroneous Arctic temperature trends in the ERA-40 reanalysis: a closer look. J. Climate, 24. 2620–2627. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI4054.1
Screen JA, Simmonds I (2013) Exploring links between Arctic amplification and mid-latitude weather. Geophys Res Lett 40:959–964. https://doi.org/10.1002/GRL.50174
Screen JA, Deser C, Simmonds I (2012) Local and remote controls on observed Arctic warming. Geophys Res Lett 39:L10709. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051598
Semiletov IP, Savelieva NI, Weller GE, Pipko II, Pugach SP, Gukov AY, Vasilevskaya LN (2000) The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects. In: Lewis EL (ed) The freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean, NATO Sci. Ser., Partnership Sub-ser., 70: pp 323—366. Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass
Serreze MC, Barry RG (2011) Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis. Glob Planet Chang 77(1-2):85–96
Serreze MC, Hurst CM (2000) Representation of mean Arctic precipitation from NCEP-NCAR and ERA reanalyses. J Clim 13:182–201
Simmonds I (2015) Comparing and contrasting the behavior of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice over the 35 year period 1979-2013. Ann Glacial 56:18–28. https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG69A909
Smedsrud LH, Sirevaag A, Kloster K, Sorteberg A, Sandven S (2011) Resent wind driven high sea ice area export in the Fram Strait contributes to Arctic sea ice decline. Cryosphere 5:821–829. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-821-2011
Smedsrud LH, Esau I, Ingvaldsen RB, Eldevik T, Haugan PM, Li C, Lien VS, Olsen A, Omar AM, Otterå OH, Risebrobakken B, Sandø AB, Semenov VA, Sorokina SA (2013) The role of the Barents Sea in the Arctic climate system. Rev Geophys 51:415–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20017
Smedsrud LH, Halvorsen MH, Stroeve JC, Zhang R, Kloster K (2017) Fram Strait sea ice export variability and September Arctic sea ice extent over the last 80 years. Cryosphere 11:65–79. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-65-2017
Spielhagen RF, Werner K, Sørensen SA, Zamelczyk K, Kandiano E, Budeus G, Husum K, Marchitto TM, Hald M (2011) Enhanced modern heat transfer to the Arctic by warm Atlantic water. Science 331:450–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197397
Steele M, Morley R, Ermold W (2001) PHC: a global ocean hydrography with a high quality Arctic Ocean. J Clim 14:2079–2087
Stroeve JC, Notz D (2015) Insights on past and future sea-ice evolution from combining observations and models. Glob Planet Chang 135:119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.011
Stroeve JC, Kattsov V, Barrett A, Serreze M, Pavlova T, Holland M, Meier WN (2012) Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations. Geophys Res Lett 39:L16502. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052676
Taylor PC, Cai M, Hu A, Meehl J, Washington W, Zhang GJ (2013) A decomposition of feedback contributions to polar warming amplification. J Clim 26:7023–7043. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00696.1
Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (1998) The Arctic oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys Res Lett 25:1297–1300. https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00950
Vorosmarty CJ, Fekete BM, Tucker BA (1998) Global River Discharge, 1807-1991, V[ersion]. 1.1 (RivDIS). ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/199. Accessed 07 March 2019
Walsh JE, Chapman WL, Shy TL (1996) Recent decrease of sea level pressure in the central Arctic. J Clim 9:480–485
Watanabe E, Wang J, Sumi A, Hasumi H (2006) Arctic dipole anomaly and its contribution to sea ice export from the Arctic Ocean in the 20th century. Geophys Res Lett 33:L23703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028112
Xie PP, Arkin PA (1997) Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull Amer Met Soc 78:2539–2558
Yao Y, Luo D, Dai A, Simmonds I (2017) Increased quasi stationarity and persistence of winter Ural blocking and Eurasian extreme cold events in response to Arctic warming Part I: Insights from observational analyses. J Clim, 30: 3549–3568. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCL-D-16-0261.1
Zhang R (2015) Mechanisms for low-frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice extent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:4570–4575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422296112
Zhang JL, Rothrock DA (2003) Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates. Mon Weather Rev 131:845–861
Zillman JW (1972) A study of some aspects of the radiation and heat budgets of the southern hemisphere oceans. Meteorol. Stud., 26, Bur. of Meteor., Dep. of the Interior, Canberra, Australia
Zveryaev II, Gulev SK (2009) Seasonality in secular changes and interannual variability of European air temperature during the twentieth century. J Geophys Res 114:D02110. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010624
Funding
The work is a subject of Government Order 0315-2019-0004 and was supported by the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences, Project No. 51, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant Nos. 17-05-00382 and 16-05-00558.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Hugues Goosse
This article is part of the Topical Collection on the 50th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics, Liège, Belgium, 28 May to 1 June 2018
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Platov, G.A., Golubeva, E.N., Kraineva, M.V. et al. Modeling of climate tendencies in Arctic seas based on atmospheric forcing EOF decomposition. Ocean Dynamics 69, 747–767 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01259-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01259-1