Abstract
The integration of surface geological and geomorphological information with borehole point-data and geophysical (e.g., geoelectrical) images of the subsurface yields spatially consistent representations of alluvial aquifers heterogeneity at different scales, from depositional systems to basin fills. Such an approach requires a conceptual framework to match the stratigraphic units with their evidence from ground-based DC resistivity methods to effectively fill the gaps between sparse borehole data and to obtain valid representations of sedimentary heterogeneities. Such an approach is applied to characterize two sites of the Quaternary aquifers of the central Po Plain (Italy), which represent (1) the middle-upper Pleistocene braided to meandering river depositional systems sitting on Southalpine crust and (2) their down-current counterparts, where they are involved by the latest uplift and deformation due to the tectonic activity of the Apennine frontal thrusts. Electrical resistivity was considered as a proxy of the litho-textural properties of hydrofacies and their major hierarchical association at depth and was interpreted in accordance with the depth-decreasing resolution of ground-based resistivity methods. Thus, it was possible to identify the geophysical signature of hydrostratigraphic units through “Electrostratigraphic Units”, i.e., sedimentary volumes identified by resistivity contrasts that spatially preserve the vertical polarity. Hydrostratigraphy and electrostratigraphy were then joined together through a site-specific relationship between electrical resistivity and hydraulic conductivity, which takes into account the prevailing process of current conduction, the litho-textural properties of hydrofacies and the groundwater electrical conductivity. At the scales of aquifer systems and complexes, this approach permitted to establish the conceptual framework to match hydrostratigraphy, electrostratigraphy, average hydrodynamic properties and distribution of heterogeneities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AGIP (1994) Acque dolci sotterranee. Graf 3, Roma
Ahmad J, Schmitt DR, Rokosh CD, Pawlowicz JG (2009) High-resolution seismic and resistivity profiling of a buried Quaternary subglacial valley: Northern Alberta, Canada. Geol Soc Am Bull 121(11–12)
Alfano L, Mancuso M (1996) Sull’applicabilità del metodo dipolare–dipolare continuo nelle ricerche idriche a media profondità in aree di pianura. Acque Sotter 13:61–71
Anderson MP (1997) Characterization of geological heterogeneity. In: Dagan G, Neuman SP (eds) Subsurface flow and transport: a stochastic approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Arca S, Beretta GP (1985) Prima sintesi geodetico-geologica sui movimenti verticali del suolo nell’Italia settentrionale (1897–1957). Boll Geod Sci Affin 2:125–156
Archie GE (1942) The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics. T Am Inst Metall Petrol Eng 146:54–62
Baines D, Smith DG, Froese DG, Bauman P, Nimeck G (2002) Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI): a new tool for mapping the lithology and geometry of channel-belts and valley fills. Sedimentol 49:441–449. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00453.x
Baio M, Bersezio R, Bini A, Cavalli E, Cantone M, Mele M, Pavia F, Losi E, Rigato V, Rodondi C, Sommaruga M, Zembo I (2009) Geological and geomorphological map of the Lodi alluvial Plain: the contribution of surface geology to hydrostratigraphic reconstruction. VII Italian Forum of Earth Sciences Geoitalia 2009, Epitome, 3: 5. ISSN 1972-1552
Bear J (1972) Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Elsevier, New York
Bersezio R, Bini A, Giudici M (1999) Effects of sedimentary heterogeneity on groundwater flow in a quaternary pro-glacial delta environment: joining facies analysis and numerical modeling. Sediment Geol 129:327–344. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00145-6
Bersezio R, Pavia F, Baio M, Bini A, Felletti F, Rodondi C (2004) Aquifer architecture of the Quaternary alluvial succession of the southern Lambro basin (Lombardy, Italy). Il Quat 17(2–1):361–378
Bersezio R, Giudici M, Mele M (2007) Combining sedimentological and geophysical data for high-resolution 3-D mapping of fluvial architectural elements in the Quaternary Po plain (Italy). Sediment Geol 202:230–248. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.05.002
Bersezio R, Cavalli E, Cantone M (2010) Aquifer building and Apennine tectonics in a Quaternary foreland: the southernmost Lodi plain of Lombardy. In: Bersezio R, Amanti M (ed) Proceedings of the Second National Workshop “Multidisciplinary approach for porous aquifer characterization”. Mem Descr Carta Geol d’It XC:21–30, ISPRA, Roma
Bigi G, Cosentino D, Parotto M, Sartori D, Scandone P (1990) Structural model of Italy. Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica CNR. SELCA, Firenze
Bini A (1997a) Problems and methodologies in the study of Quaternary deposits of the Southern side of the Alps. Geol Insubrica 2(2):11–20
Bini A (1997b) Stratigraphy, chronology and palaeogeography of Quaternary deposits of the area between the Ticino and Olona Rivers (Italy–Switzerland). Geol Insubrica 2(2):21–46
Bini A, Strini A, Violanti D, Zuccoli L (2004) Geologia di sottosuolo dell’alta pianura a NE di Milano. Il Quat 17(2–1):343–354
Binley A, Cassiani G, Deiana R (2010) Hydrogeophysics: opportunities and challenges. Boll Geofis Teor Appl 51(4):267–284
Bowling JC, Rodriguez AB, Harry DL, Zheng C (2005) Delineating aquifer heterogeneity using resistivity and GPR data. Ground Water 43(6):890–903. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00103.x
Bratus A, Santarato G (2009) The characterization of aquifers by means of resistivity investigations. Boll Geofis Teor Appl 50:15–28
Bridge JS, Hyndman DS (2004) Aquifer characterization. In: Bridge, J.S., Hyndman, D.W. (ed) Aquifer Characterization. SEPM Spec Publ 80:1–2
Bridge JS, Lunt IA (2006) Depositional models of braided rivers. In: Sambrook Smith GH, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (ed) Braided Rivers. IAS Spec Publ 36:1–50, Blackwell, London
Carminati E, Martinelli G, Severi P (2003) Influence of glacial cycles and tectonics on natural subsidence in the Po plain (Northern Italy): insights from 14C ages. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 4(10):1082–1096. doi:10.1029/2002GC000481
Castiglioni GB, Pellegrini GB (2001) Note illustrative della Carta Geomorfologica della Pianura Padana. Suppl Geogr Fis Din Quat IV. Comitato Glaciologico Italiano, Torino
Catuneanu O (2006) Principles of sequence stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Christensen NB (2000) Difficulties in determining electrical anisotropy in subsurface investigations. Geophys Prospect 48:1–19. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2478.2000.00174.x
Cremaschi M (1987) Paleosols and vetusols in the central Po plain (Northern Italy). Collana Studi Ric Territ 28. UNICOPLI, Milano
Da Rold O (1990) L’apparato glaciale del Lago maggiore, settore orientale. PhD Dissertation, University of Milan
Dahlin T (2001) The development of DC resistivity images techniques. Comput Geosci 27:1019–1029. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00160-6
de Lima OAL, Niwas S (2000) Estimation of hydraulic parameters of shaly sandstone aquifers from geoelectrical measurements. J Hydrol 235:12–26. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00256-0
Dell’Arciprete D, Felletti F, Bersezio R (2010) Simulation of fine-scale heterogeneity of meandering river aquifer analogues: comparing different approaches. In: Atkinson PM, Lloyd CD (ed) geoENV VII geostatistics for environmental applications: quantitative geology and geostatistics. Springer, 16:127–137. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2322-3_12
Desio A (1965) I rilievi isolati della pianura Lombarda ed i movimenti tettonici del Quaternario. Rend Istit Lomb 99:881–894
Domenico PA, Schwartz FW (1990) Physical and chemical hydrogeology. Wiley, New York
ENI-Regione Lombardia (2002) Geologia degli acquiferi padani della Regione Lombardia. SELCA, Firenze
Fantoni R, Bersezio R, Forcella F (2004) Alpine structure and deformation chronology at the Southern Alps Po plain border in Lombardy. Boll Soc Geol Ital 123(3):463–476
Galloway WE, Sharp JM Jr (1998) Characterizing aquifer heterogeneity within terrigenous clastic depositional systems. In: Fraser GS and Davis JM (ed) Hydrogeologic models of sedimentary aquifers. SEPM Concepts in Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology 1:85–90. Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa
Giudici M (2010) Modeling water flow and solute transport in alluvial sediments: scaling and hydrostratigraphy from the hydrological point of view. In: Bersezio R, Amanti M (ed) Proceedings of the Second National Workshop “Multidisciplinary approach for porous aquifer characterization”. Mem Descr Carta Geol d’It XC:113-120, ISPRA, Roma
Gourry JC, Vermeersch F, Garcin M, Giot D (2003) Contribution of geophysics to the study of the alluvial deposits: a case study in the Val d’Avaray area of the River Loire, France. J Appl Geophys 54:35–49. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.07.002
Hickin AS, Kerr B, Barchyn TE, Paulen RC (2009) Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Capacitively Coupled Resistivity to Investigate 3-D Fluvial Architecture and Grain-Size Distribution of a Gravel Floodplain in Northeast British Columbia, Canada. J Sediment Res 79(6):457–477. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.044
Hodlur GK, Dhakate R (2010) Correlation of vertical electrical sounding and electrical borehole log data for groundwater exploration. Geophys Prospect 58(3):485–503. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2478.2009.00831.x
Hubbard SS, Rubin Y (2000) Hydrogeological parameter estimation using geophysical data: a review of selected techniques. J Contam Hydrol 45:3–34. doi:10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00117-0
Huggenberger P, Aigner T (1999) Introduction to the special issue on aquifer-sedimentology: problems, perspectives and modern approaches. Sediment Geol 129:179–186. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00101-3
Huggenberger P, Regli C (2006) A sedimentological model to characterize braided river deposits for hydrogeological applications. In: Sambrook Smith GH, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (ed) Braided Rivers, IAS Spec Publ 36:51–74. Blackwell, London
Huntley D (1986) Relations between permeability and electrical resistivity in granular aquifers. Ground Water 24(4):466–474. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01025.x
Jussel P, Stauffer F, Dracos T (1994) Transport modeling in heterogeneous aquifers, 1. Statistical description and numerical generation of gravel deposits. Water Resour Res 30:1803–1817. doi:10.1029/94WR00162
Keller GV, Frischknecht FC (1966) Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Kelly WE, Frohlich RK (1985) Relations between aquifer electrical and hydraulic properties. Ground Water 23(2):182–189. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02791.x
Klein JD, Sill WR (1982) Electrical properties of artificial clay-bearing sandstones. Geophys 47(11):1593–1605. doi:10.1190/1.1441310
Klingbeil R, Kleineidam S, Asprion U, Aigner T, Teutsch G (1999) Relating lithofacies to hydrofacies: outcrop-based hydrogeological characterisation of Quaternary gravel deposits. Sediment Geol 129(3/4):299–310. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00067-6
Koefoed O (1979) Geosounding principles, 1: resistivity soundings measurements. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kosinski WK, Kelly WE (1981) Geoelectric soundings for predicting aquifer properties. Ground Water 19(2):163–171. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1981.tb03455.x
Loke MH, Acworth I, Dahlin T (2003) A comparison of smooth and blocky inversion methods in 2D electrical imaging surveys. Explor Geophys 34:182–187. doi:10.1071/EG03182
Maxey GB (1964) Hydrostratigraphic Units. J Hydrol 2:124–129
Mele M (2008) L’architettura degli acquiferi alluvionali: una metodologia integrata geologico-geofisica per la caratterizzazione a diverse scale. PhD dissertation, University of Milan
Mele M, Bersezio R, Giudici M, Rusnighi Y, Lupis D (2010) The architecture of alluvial aquifers: an integrated geological-geophysical methodology for multiscale characterization. In: Bersezio R, Amanti M (ed) Proceedings of the Second National Workshop “Multidisciplinary approach for porous aquifer characterization”. Mem Descr Carta Geol d’It XC: 209-224, ISPRA, Roma
Metwaly M, El-Qady G, Massoud U, El-Kenawy A, Matsushima J, Al-Arifi N (2010) Integrated geoelectrical survey for groundwater and shallow subsurface evaluation: case study at Siliyin spring, El-Fayoum. Egypt. Int J Earth Sci 99(6):1427–1436. doi:10.1007/s00531-009-0458-9
Miall AD (1996) The geology of fluvial deposits: sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. Springer, Berlin
Muttoni G, Carcano C, Garzanti E, Ghielmi M, Piccin A, Pini R, Rogledi S, Sciunnach D (2003) Onset of Major Pleistocene glaciations in the Alps. Geol 31(11):989–992. doi:10.1130/G19445.1
Neal A (2004) Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology: principles, problems and progress. Earth Sci Rev 66:261–330. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.01.004
Niwas S, de Lima OAL (2003) Aquifer parameter estimation from surface resistivity data. Ground Water 41(1):94–99. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02572.x
North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (2005) North American Stratigraphic Code. Bull Am Assoc Petrol Geol 89(11):1547–1591. doi:10.1306/07050504129
Ori GG (1993) Continental depositional systems of the Quaternary of the Po plain (Northern Italy). Sediment Geol 83(1–2):1–14. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(10)80001-6
Pellegrini L, Boni P, Carton A (2003) Hydrographic evolution in relation to neotectonics aided by data processing and assessment: some examples from the Northern Apennines (Italy). Quat Inter 101–102:211–217. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00103-9
Pieri M, Groppi G (1981) Subsurface geological structure of the Po plain, Italy. Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, Pubbl 411. CNR, Roma
Ponzini G, Ostroman A, Molinari M (1983) Empirical relation between electrical transverse resistance and hydraulic transmissivity. Geoexplor 22:1–15. doi:10.1016/0016-7142(84)90002-4
Pous J, Queralt P, Chavez R (1996) Lateral and topographic effects in geoelectric soundings. J Appl Geophys 35:237–248. doi:10.1016/0926-9851(96)00034-1
Purvance DT, Andricevic R (2000) On the electrical-hydraulic conductivity correlation in aquifers. Water Resour Res 36(10):2905–2913. doi:10.1029/2000WR900165
Rubin Y, Hubbard SS (2005) Hydrogeophysics. Springer, The Netherlands
Scardia G, Muttoni G, Sciunnach D (2006) Subsurface magnetostratigraphy of Pleistocene sediments from the Po Plain (Italy): constraints on rates of sedimentation and rock uplift. Geol Soc of America Bull 118(11–12):1299–1312. doi:10.1130/B25869.1
Schön JH (2004) Physical properties of rocks: fundamentals and principles of petrophysics. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Singh SB, Veeraiah B, Dhar RL, Prakash BA, Tulasi Rani M (2011) Deep resistivity sounding studies for probing deep fresh aquifers in the coastal area of Orissa, India. Hydrogeol J 19:355–366. doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0697-7
Sistema Informativo Falda SIF, Provincia di Milano http://www.provincia.milano.it/ambiente/acqua/acque_sotterranee/. Accessed December 2011
Slater L (2007) Near Surface Electrical Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivity: From Petrophysical Properties to Aquifer Geometries—a review. Surv Geophys 28:169–197. doi:10.1007/s10712-007-9022-y
Soupios PM, Kouli M, Vallianatos F, Vafidis A, Stavroulakis G (2007) Estimation of aquifer hydraulic parameters from surficial geophysical methods: A case study of Keritis Basin in Chania (Crete–Greece). J Hydrol 338:122–131. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.028
Srinivasa Gowd S (2004) Electrical resistivity surveys to delineate groundwater potential aquifers in Peddavanka watershed, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Geol 46(1):118–131. doi:10.1007/s00254-004-1023-2
Tizro AT, Voudouris KS, Salehzade M, Mashayekhi H (2010) Hydrogeological framework and estimation of aquifer hydraulic parameters using geoelectrical data: a case study from West Iran. Hydrogeol J 18(4):917–929. doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0580-6
Unesco (1978) International glossary of hydrogeology. http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/glossary/glu/aglu.htm. Accessed December 2011
Urish DW (1981) Electrical resistivity-hydraulic conductivity relationships in glacial outwash aquifers. Water Resourc Res 17(5):1401–1408. doi:10.1029/WR017i005p01401
Vukovic M, Soro A (1992) Determination of hydraulic conductivity of porous media from grain-size composition. Water Resour Publ, Littleton, Colorado
Worthington PF (1993) The uses and the abuses of Archie equations, 1: The formation factor-porosity relationship. J Appl Geophys 30:215–228. doi:10.1016/0926-9851(93)90028-W
Yadav GS, Abolfazli H (1998) Geoelectrical soundings and their relationship to hydraulic parameters in semiarid regions of Jalore, northwestern India. J Appl Geophys 39:35–51. doi:10.1016/S0926-9851(98)00003-2
Yadav GS, Dasgupta AS, Sinha R, Lal T, Srivastava KM, Singh SK (2010) Shallow sub-surface stratigraphy of interfluves inferred from vertical electric soundings in western Ganga plains, India. Quat Intern 227:104–115. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.05.030
Zaleha MJ, Ritter JB, Rumschlag JH (2005) Resolving fluvial, glaciofluvial, and glacial deposits using electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI). 8th International Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology, Delft, The Netherlands, Book of Abstract, TU Delft
Zarroca M, Bach J, Linares R, Pellicer XM (2011) Electrical methods (VES and ERT) for identifying, mapping and monitoring different saline domains in a coastal plain region (Alt Empordà, Northern Spain). J Hydrol 409(1–2):407–422. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.052
Acknowledgments
Field data acquisition was possible thanks to the help of several undergraduate and graduate students, which are warmly acknowledged: Y. Rusnighi, D. Lupis, S. Inzoli, D. Gorna, M. G. Martinelli, F. Oriani, A. Suardi, N. Ceresa, S. Cantinotti, G. Broetto and A. Regorda. Assistance during field work and fruitful discussion with Emmanuele Cavalli helped during different stages of the research. This work was partially supported by the MIUR and the University of Milano through the research projects of national interest “Integrating geophysical and geological data for modelling flow in some aquifer systems of alpine and Apenninic origin between Milano and Bologna” (PRIN 2005) and “Integrated geophysical, geological, petrographical and modelling study of alluvial aquifer complexes characteristic of the Po plain subsurface: relationships between scale of hydrostratigraphic reconstruction and flow models” (PRIN 2007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mele, M., Bersezio, R. & Giudici, M. Hydrogeophysical imaging of alluvial aquifers: electrostratigraphic units in the quaternary Po alluvial plain (Italy). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 101, 2005–2025 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0754-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0754-7