Abstract
Objective of this investigation was supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2, as analytical technique for total fat extraction from food and feed samples. Most significant advantages of this technique, compared with the others, are safety, cleanness, and shorter analysis time. Its main limitation includes difficulty of extracting polar lipids, due to the non-polar character of the CO2, which is used as a solvent. Influence of added absorbent and co-solvent on the SFE of mash pig feed was investigated in this paper. Total fat content was determined for ten commercially available mesh pig feeds. Optimization of absorbent weight and volume of added co-solvent showed that the maximum yield of extracted fat has been achieved at adsorbent mass of 1.8 g and ethanol volume of 0.54 ml. Yields of fat extracted with both Soxhlet method (AOCS Method Ba 3-38) and SFE were plotted one against the other. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between results of these two methods, which were confirmed by low value for standard deviation (SD). SFE appears to be reliable, faster, and less hazardous alternative for traditional extraction method. Fatty acid compositions from lipid extracts obtained by both methods were determined by gas chromatography—flame ionization detection (GC–FID). Results obtained by SFE were far more representative than results obtained by analyzing Soxhlet extracts, and in consistence with literature results. SFE method gave significantly higher (p < 0.001) contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than Sohxlet method, especially of linoleic acid, C18:2 n-6.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Katan MB, Zock PL, Mensink RP (1994) Effects of fats and fatty acid on blood lipids in humans: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 60(1):1017–1022
Bernardo-Gil MG, Cardoso Lopes LM (2004) Supercritical fluid extraction of Cucurbita ficifolia seed oil. Eur Food Res Technol 219:593–597
Okanović Đ, Ilić N, Ivanov D, Palić D, Drobnjaković R, Vukčević Č, Ikonić P (2010) Influence of linseed enriched diet on omega-3 fatty acid content in pork. Krmiva 52(4):189–194
Johnson RB, Barnett HJ (2003) Determination of fat content in fish feed by supercritical fluid extraction and subsequent lipid classification of extract by thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection. Aquaculture 216:263–282
Heikes DL, Scott B, Gorzovalitis NA (2001) Quantifitation of voilatile oils in ground cumin by supercritical fluid extraction an gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J AOAC Int 84(4):1130–1134
Devittori C, Gumy D, Kusy A, Colarow L, Bertoli C, Lambelet P (2000) Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from millet bran. JAOCS 77(6):573–579
Fratianni A, Caboni MF, Irano M, Panfili G (2002) A critical comparison between traditional methods and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction for the determination of tocochromanols in cereals. Eur Food Res Technol 215:353–358
Domagała J, Sady M, Grega T, Pustkowiak H, Florkiewicz A (2010) The influence of cheese type and fat extraction method on the content of conjugated linoleic acid. J Food Compost Anal 23:238–243
Ixtaina VY, Vega A, Nolesco SM, Tomás MC, Gimeno M, Bárzana E, Tecante A (2010) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Mexican chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): characterization and process optimization. J Supercrit Fluids 55:192–199
Sihvonen M, Järvenpää E, Hietaniemi V, Huopalahti R (1999) Advances in supercritical carbon dioxide technologies. Trends Food Sci Tech 10:217–222
Lau HLN, Choo YM, Ma AN, Chuah CH (2006) Characterization and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of palm oil (Elaeis Guineensis). J Food Lipids 13:210–221
Temelli F (2009) Perspectives on supercritical fluid processing of fats and oils. J Supercrit Fluids 47:583–590
Artz WE, Kinyanjui T, Cheryan M (2005) Solubility optimization of oil components in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Lipids 12:91–102
Sahena F, Zaidul ISM, Karim AA, Abbas KA, Norulaini NAN, Omar AKM (2009) Application of supercritical CO2 in lipid extraction—a review. J Food Eng 95:240–253
Barthet VJ, Daun JK (2002) An evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction as an analytical tool to determine fat in canola, flax, solin, and mustard. JAOCS 79(3):245–251
Aro H, Järvenpää EP, Könkö K, Sihvonen M, Hietaniemi V, Huopalahti R (2009) Isolation and purification of egg yolk phospholipids using liquid extraction and pilot-scale supercritical fluid techniques. Eur Food Res Technol 228:857–863
AOAC (1990) 1990 AOAC 950.46 official methods of analysis, 15th edn. J AOAC Int, Arlington
AOCS (2001) Method Ba 3-38. In: Firestone D (ed) Official methods and recommended practices, 5th edn. AOCS Press, Champaign
Organic application note (2003) LECO Corporation, St. Joseph. http://www.leco.com/resources/application_note_subs/pdf/organic/-183.pdf
Shih F, Daigle K (2001) Supercritical fluid extraction of encapsulated oil products. JAOCS 78(10):1057–1059
Tanaka Y, Sakaki I, Ohkubo T (2004) Extraction of phospholipids from salmon Roe with supercritical carbon dioxide and an entrainer. J Oleo Sci 53(9):417–424
Taher H, Al-Zuhair S, AlMarzouqui A, Hashim I (2011) Extracted fat from lamb meat by supercritical CO2 as feedstock for biodiesel production. Biochem Eng J 55:23–31
Berg H, Mågård M, Johansson G, Mathiasson L (1997) Development of a supercritical fluid extraction method for determination of lipid classes and total fat in meats and its comparison with conventional methods. J Chromatogr A 785(1–2):345–352
Bellaloui N, Burns HA, Gillen MA, Abbas HK, Zablotowicz RM, Mengistu A, Paris RL (2010) Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation. Agric Sci 1(3):102–109
Ashraf-Khorassani M, Ude M, Doane-Weideman T, Tomczak J, Taylor LT (2002) Comparison of gravimetry and hydrolysis/derivatization/gass chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of fat from standard reference infant formula powder using supercritical fluid extraction. J Agric Food Chem 50:1822–1826
King JW, Eller FJ, Snyder JM, Johnson JH, McKeith FK, Stites CR (1996) Extraction of fat from ground beef for nutrient analysis using analytical supercritical fluid extraction. Agric Food Chem 44:2700–2704
Snyder JM, King JW, Jackson MA (1996) Fat content for nutritional labeling by supercritical fluid extraction and an on-line lipase catalyzed reaction. J Chromatogr A 750:201–207
Acknowledgments
This work is a part of Integrated and Interdisciplinary Research Project No. III 46012, funded by Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ivanov, D., Čolović, R., Bera, O. et al. Supercritical fluid extraction as a method for fat content determination and preparative technique for fatty acid analysis in mesh feed for pigs. Eur Food Res Technol 233, 343–350 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-1521-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-011-1521-x