Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from millet bran

  • Published:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

Proso millet bran [Panicum miliaceum (L.)], variety Dakota White, was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) to yield crude oil. The effects of operating parameters (pressure, temperature, and specific solvent flow) and of features of the raw material (moisture content and particle size) on oil extraction were investigated. Complete de-oiling of ground millet bran pellets was achieved under 300 bar at 40°C with a specific solvent flow of 2–10 h−1 within 200 to 500 min. Solvent requirements were 20–30 kg CO2/kg raw material. Composition of crude SC-CO2 oil extracted under optimal conditions, i.e., fatty acid profile, amount of unsaponifiables, tocopherols, free fatty acids, sterols, sterol esters, waxes, hydrocarbons, and phospholipids, was compared to that of crude oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction. These two oils were similar in terms of fatty acid profile and amount of free fatty acids, unsaponifiables, peroxides, and tocopherols. They differed in respect to phospholipids (present in petroleum etherextracted oil and absent in SC-CO2 extracted oil), metals, and waxes (lower levels in SC-CO2 extracted oil). The effects of extraction procedures on oxidative stability of crude SC-CO2 oil were studied. Ensuring that all pieces of the extractor in contact with the oil were in stainless steel; cleaning the separator, i.e., washing with KOH, rinsing, purging with N2 and CO2, and heating; performing a couple of extractions before the main extraction; and achieving the extraction without interruption all positively influenced the oxidative stability of the oil. Conversely, increasing CO2 purity above 99.5% had no effect. Oxidative stability of the SC-CO2 oil extracted under these conditions was only slightly lower than that of the oil extracted with petroleum ether.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dendy, D.A.V., Sorghum and the Millets: Production and Importance, in Sorghum and Millets. Chemistry and Technology, edited by D.A.V. Dendy, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, 1995, pp. 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Abdelrahman, A., R.C. Hoseney, and E. Varriano-Marston, The Proportions and Chemical Compositions of Hand-Dissected Anatomical Parts of Pearl Millet, J. Cereal Sci. 2:127–133 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Eggers, R., Extraktion von Fettrohstoffen mit überkritischem CO2, Fat Sci. Technol. 96:513–518 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Eggers, R., Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of Oilseeds/Lipids in Natural Products, in Supercritical Fluid Technology in Oil and Lipid Chemistry, edited by J.W. King and G.R. List, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1996, pp. 35–64.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Clavier, J.Y., W. Majewski, and M. Perrut, Extrapolation from Pilot Plant to Industrial Scale SFE: A Case Study, in Process Technology Proceedings. 12, High Pressure Chemical Engineering, edited by P.R. von Rohr and C. Trepp, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 639–644.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Stahl, E., E. Schütz, and H.K. Mangold, Extraction of Seed Oils with Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:1153–1157 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dakovic, S., J. Turkulov, and E. Dimic, The Quality of Vegetable Oils Got By Extraction with CO2, Fat Sci. Tech. 91:116–119 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Schiraldi, A., SFE da semi e frutti oleaginosi, in Fluidi Supercritici: Applicazioni Agroalimentari, edited by E. Reverchon, A. Schiraldi, and P. Fantozzi, Raisa, Milano, 1993, pp. 85–89.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Drescher, M.G., Einfluss verschiedener Betriebsparameter auf die Hochdruck-Feststoffextraktion ölhaltiger Naturstoffe, Dissertation, Technische Fakultät Universität Erlangen, Germany, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fors, S.M., and C.E. Eriksson, Characterization of Oils Extracted from Oats by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Lebensm. Wiss.-Technol. 23:390–395 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. List, G.R., J.P. Friedrich, and D.D. Christianson, Properties and Processing of Corn Oils Obtained by Extraction with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61:1849–1851 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Saito, M., and Y. Yamauchi, Enrichment of Tocopherols in Wheat Germ by Directly Coupled Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Semipreparative Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 27:79–85 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kuk, M.S., and M.K. Dowd, Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Rice Bran, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:623–628 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Norme Italiane per il Controllo dei Grassi e Derivati, Method A4-1976, SSOG Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie degli Oli e dei Grassi, Milano, Italy.

  15. Colarow, L., Quantitation of Ceramides with Essential Fatty Acid Moieties in the Human Skin Surface and Blood Plasma Lipids, J. Planar Chromatogr. 3:126–132 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Colarow, L., Quantitative Transmittance Densitometry of Phospholipids After Their Specific Detection with a Molybdate Reagent on Silica Gel Plates, ——Ibid. 3:228–231 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bertoli, C., L.B. Fay, M. Stancanelli, D. Gumy, and P. Lambelet, Characterization of Chilean Hazelnut (Gevuina avellana Mol) Seed Oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1037–1040 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, 1996, Method 990.05.

  19. Peroxide Value. Acetic Acid-Isooctane Method, in Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 5th edn., AOCS Press, Champaign, 1998 Method Cd 8b-90.

    Google Scholar 

  20. IUPAC Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, 7th edn., Blackwell Scientific Editions, Oxford, 1987.

  21. Norme Italiane per il Controllo dei Grassi e Derivati, Method C12-1976, SSOG Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie degli Oli e dei Grassi, Milano, Italy.

  22. Moisture. Karl Fischer Reagent, in Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 5th edn., AOCS Press, Champaign, 1998, Method Ca 2e-84.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Oil Stability Index, in ——Ibid., Method Cd 12b-92.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brannolte, H-D., H.K. Mangold, and E. Stahl, Effects of Pressure and Temperature of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide on the Extraction of Triacylglycerols from Plant Tissue, Chem. Phys. Lipids 33:297–299 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wilp, C., and R. Eggers, Hochdruckextraktion mit mehrstufiger fraktionierender Separation zur schonenden Gewinnung von Keimölen mit hochverdichtetem Kohlendioxid, Fat. Sci. Technol. 93:348–354 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Snyder, J.M., J.P. Friedrich, and D.D. Christianson, Effect of Moisture and Particle Size on the Extractability of Oils from Seeds with Supercritical CO2, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 61:1851–1856 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Eggers, R., U. Sievers, and W. Stein, High Pressure Extraction of Oil Seed, ——Ibid. 62:1222–1230 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. List, G.R., and J.P. Friedrich, Oxidative Stability of Seed Oils Extracted with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, ——Ibid. 66:98–101 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Montanari, L., L.W. King, G.R. List, and K.A. Rennick, Selective Extraction of Phospholipid Mixture by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Cosolvents, J. Food Sci. 61:1230–1233, 1253 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cheung, P.C.K., A.Y.H. Leung, and P.O. Ang, Jr., Comparison of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Extraction of Brown Seaweed, Sargassum hemiphyllum (Turn.) C. Ag., J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:4228–4232 (1998).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Taylor, D.L., and D.K. Larick, Investigations into the Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction on the Fatty Acid and Volatile Profiles of Cooked Chicken, ——Ibid. 43:2369–2374 (1995).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Serna-Saldivar, S., and L.W. Rooney, Structure and Chemistry of Sorghum and Millets, in Sorghum and Millets. Chemistry and Technology, edited by D.A.V. Dendy, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, 1995, pp. 69–124.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gunstone, F.D., J.L. Hardwood, and F.D. Padley, The Lipids Handbook, 2nd edn., Chapman and Hall, London, 1992, p. 130.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Calvo, L., M.J. Cocero, and J.M. Diez, Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil Extracted with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71:1251–1254 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. List, G.R., and J.P. Friedrich, Processing Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil Extracted with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide at 50°C and 8000 psi, ——Ibid. 62:82–84 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lieo Lugano 2, Switzerland

    C. Devittori

  2. Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland

    D. Gumy, A. Kusy, L. Colarow, C. Bertoli & P. Lambelet

Authors
  1. C. Devittori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Gumy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Kusy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. L. Colarow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. C. Bertoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P. Lambelet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Devittori.

About this article

Cite this article

Devittori, C., Gumy, D., Kusy, A. et al. Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from millet bran. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 77, 573–579 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0092-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0092-7

Key Words

Search

Navigation