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Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrometry-based techniques

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Abstract

The most recent advances in the identification and determination of organic constituents in paintings and other polychrome objects using mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques are reviewed. The latest achievements in gas chromatography (GC)-MS and pyrolysis (Py-) GC-MS are mainly related to sample pretreatment protocols and to the employment of double-shot or laser desorption pyrolysis, respectively. MS techniques based on soft ionization methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) are discussed. So far, MALDI and ESI MS have been mainly used in the characterization of proteinaceous materials, but further applications are definitely emerging, e.g., in the fields of lipids, resins, and organic colorants analysis. Chemical imaging by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS), formerly applied to the detection and localization of lipid binders and inorganic materials, has been recently extended to proteins. Finally, the potential of niche techniques such as direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) and direct analysis in real time (DART) MS are outlined.

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Abbreviations

BSTFA:

Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide

CI:

Chemical ionization

DAG:

Diacylglyceride

DART:

Direct analysis in real time

DEMS:

Direct exposure mass spectrometry

DTMS:

Direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry

DTPA:

Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N”,N”’ pentaacetic acid

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EI:

Electron impact

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

FTICR:

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

GA:

Graphite-assisted

GC:

Gas chromatography

HMDS:

Hexamethyldisilazane

HP:

High performance

IAA:

Iodoacetamide

ICP:

Inductively coupled plasma

LaPy:

Laser pyrolysis

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LDA:

Linear discriminant analysis

LDI:

Laser desorption ionization

LIT:

Linear ion-trap

LMIG:

Liquid metal ion guns

MALDI:

Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization

MaSC:

Users’ Group for Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography

MMD:

Molar mass distribution

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OM:

Optical microscopy

P:

Palmitic acid

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PhTMAH:

Phenyltrimethylammonium hydroxide

PL:

Phospholipid

PMF:

Peptide mass fingerprint

Py:

Pyrolysis

Q:

Quadrupole

S:

Stearic acid

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SIC:

Selected ion current

SIMCA:

Soft independent modelling of class analogy

SIMS:

Secondary ion mass spectrometry

SPME:

Solid phase micro-extraction

TAG:

Triacylglycerol

TD:

Thermal desorption

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

THM:

Thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation

TIC:

Total ion current

TMAH:

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide

TMTFTH:

(m-trifluoromethylphenyl) trimethylammonium hydroxide or trimethyl[α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl]ammonium hydroxide

TOF:

Time of flight

TQ:

Triple quadrupole

UV:

Ultraviolet

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Acknowledgments

I.D.vdW. is supported by the Future in Research program financed by the Apulian Region (Italy).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy

    Cosima Damiana Calvano, Inez Dorothé van der Werf, Francesco Palmisano & Luigia Sabbatini

  2. Centro Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T., Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy

    Cosima Damiana Calvano, Francesco Palmisano & Luigia Sabbatini

  3. Centro Interdipartimentale “Laboratorio di ricerca per la diagnostica dei Beni Culturali”, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy

    Cosima Damiana Calvano, Inez Dorothé van der Werf, Francesco Palmisano & Luigia Sabbatini

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  1. Cosima Damiana Calvano
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  2. Inez Dorothé van der Werf
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Calvano, C.D., van der Werf, I.D., Palmisano, F. et al. Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrometry-based techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 408, 6957–6981 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9862-8

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