Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Direct analysis in real time—a critical review on DART-MS

  • Review
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has become an established technique for rapid mass spectral analysis of a large variety of samples. DART-MS is capable of analyzing the sample at atmospheric pressure, essentially in the open laboratory environment. DART-MS can be applied to compounds that have been deposited or adsorbed on to surfaces or that are being desorbed therefrom into the atmosphere. This makes DART-MS suitable and well-known for analysis of ingredients of plant materials, pesticide monitoring on vegetables, forensic and safety applications such as screening for traces of explosives, warfare agents, or illicit drugs on luggage, clothes, or bank notes, etc. DART can also be used for analysis of either solid or liquid bulk materials, as may be required in quality control, or to quickly investigate the identity of a compound from chemical synthesis. Even living organisms can be subjected to DART-MS. Driven by different needs in analytical practice, the combination of the DART ionization source and interface can be configured in multiple geometries and with various accessories to adapt the setup as required. Analysis by DART-MS relies on some sort of gas-phase ionization mechanism. In DART, initial generation of the ionizing species is by use of a corona discharge in a pure helium atmosphere which delivers excited helium atoms that, upon their release into the atmosphere, will initiate a cascade of gas-phase reactions. In the end, this results in reagent ions created from atmospheric water or (solvent) vapor in the vicinity of the surface subject to analysis where they effect a chemical ionization process. DART ionization processes may generate positive or negative ions, predominantly even-electron species, but odd-electron species do also occur. The prevailing process of analyte ion formation from a given sample is highly dependent on analyte properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cody RB, Laramee JA, Durst HD (2005) Versatile new ion source for the analysis of materials in open air under ambient conditions. Anal Chem 77:2297–2302

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Takats Z, Wiseman JM, Gologan B, Cooks RG (2004) Mass spectrometry sampling under ambient conditions with desorption electrospray ionization. Science 306:471–473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Takats Z, Wiseman JM, Gologan B, Cooks RG (2004) Electrosonic spray ionization. A gentle technique for generating folded proteins and protein complexes in the gas phase and for studying ion–molecule reactions at atmospheric pressure. Anal Chem 76:4050–4058

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Weston DJ (2010) Ambient ionization mass spectrometry: current understanding of mechanistic theory; analytical performance and application areas. Analyst 135:661–668

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jorabchi K, Hanold K, Syage J (2013) Ambient analysis by thermal desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 405. doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6536-z

  6. Venter A, Nefliu M, Cooks RG (2008) Ambient desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Trends Anal Chem 27:284–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Green FM, Salter TL, Stokes P, Gilmore IS, O’Connor G (2010) Ambient mass spectrometry: advances and applications in forensics. Surf Interface Anal 42:347–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Weston DJ, Ray AD, Bristow AWT (2011) Commentary: challenging convention using ambient ionization and direct analysis mass spectrometric techniques. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25:821–825

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hajslova J, Cajka T, Vaclavik L (2011) Challenging applications offered by direct analysis in real time (DART) in food-quality and safety analysis. Trends Anal Chem 30:204–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kusai A (2007) Fundamental and application of the direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Bunseki :124–127

  11. Saitoh K (2007) Directly analysis for fragrance ingredients using DART–TOFMS. Aroma Res 8:366–369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sparkman OD, Jones PR, Curtis M (2009) Accurate mass measurements with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the direct analysis in real time (DART) interface for the identification of unknown compounds below masses of 500 DA. In: Li L (ed) Chemical analysis. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  13. Konuma K (2009) Elementary guide to ionization methods for mass spectrometry: introduction of the direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Bunseki :464–467

  14. Chernetsova ES, Bochkov PO, Ovcharov MV, Zhokhov SS, Abramovich RA (2010) DART mass spectrometry: a fast screening of solid pharmaceuticals for the presence of an active ingredient, as an alternative for IR spectroscopy. Drug Test Anal 2:292–294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kikura-Hanajiri R (2010) Simple and rapid screening for target compounds using direct analysis in real time (DART)-MS. Foods Food Ingred J Japan 215:137–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chernetsova ES, Morlock GE (2011) Mass spectrometric method of direct sample analysis in real time (DART) and application of the method to pharmaceutical and biological analysis. Zavod Lab Diagn Mater 77:10–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Chernetsova ES, Morlock GE, Revelsky IA (2011) DART mass spectrometry and its applications in chemical analysis. Russ Chem Rev 80:235–255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chernetsova ES, Morlock GE (2011) Determination of drugs and drug-like compounds in different samples with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 30:875–883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Liao J, Liu N, Liu C (2011) Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry and its applications to drug analysis. Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 31:2008–2012

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Osuga J, Konuma K (2011) Applications of direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi 69:171–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cooks RG, Ouyang Z, Takats Z, Wiseman JM (2006) Ambient mass spectrometry. Science 311:1566–1570

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dole RB (ed) (1997) Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry - fundamentals, instrumentation and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  23. Pramanik BN, Ganguly AK, Gross ML (eds) (2002) Applied electrospray mass spectrometry. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dzidic I, Carroll DI, Stillwell RN, Horning EC (1976) Comparison of positive ions formed in nickel-63 and corona discharge ion sources using nitrogen, argon, isobutane, ammonia and nitric oxide as reagents in atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 48:1763–1768

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Carroll DI, Dzidic I, Stillwell RN, Haegele KD, Horning EC (1975) Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Corona discharge ion source for use in a liquid chromatograph–mass spectrometer–computer analytical system. Anal Chem 47:2369–2372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rummel JL, McKenna AM, Marshall AG, Eyler JR, Powell DH (2010) The coupling of direct analysis in real time ionization to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for ultrahigh-resolution mass analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:784–790

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Shelley JT, Wiley JS, Chan GCY, Schilling GD, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM (2009) Characterization of direct-current atmospheric-pressure discharges useful for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20:837–844

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nah T, Chan M, Leone SR, Wilson KR (2013) Real time in situ chemical characterization of submicrometer organic particles using direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 85:2087–2095

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Robb DB, Covey TR, Bruins AP (2000) Atmospheric pressure photoionization: an ionization method for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 72:3653–3659

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Robb DB, Covey TR, Bruins AP (2001) Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI): a new ionization technique for LC/MS. Adv Mass Spectrom 15:391–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Curtis M, Minier MA, Chitranshi P, Sparkman OD, Jones PR, Xue L (2010) Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry of nucleotides and nucleosides: elucidation of a novel fragment [C5H5O]+ and its in-source adducts. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21:1371–1381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen H, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG (2006) Thermal production and reactions of organic ions at atmospheric pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:3656–3660

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Peng W, Goodwin MP, Chen H, Cooks RG, Wilker J (2008) Thermal formation of mixed-metal inorganic complexes at atmospheric pressure. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:3540–3548

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Penning FM (1927) Ionization by metastable atoms. Naturwissenschaften 15:818

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hiraoka K, Ninomiya S, Chen LC, Iwama T, Mandal MK, Suzuki H, Ariyada O, Furuya H, Takekawa K (2011) Development of double cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge ion source. Analyst 136:1210–1215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Andrade FJ, Shelley JT, Wetzel WC, Webb MR, Gamez G, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM (2008) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. 1. Ionization of compounds in the gas phase. Anal Chem 80:2646–2653

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cody RB (2009) Observation of molecular ions and analysis of nonpolar compounds with the direct analysis in real time ion source. Anal Chem 81:1101–1107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Furuya H, Kambara S, Nishidate K, Fujimaki S, Hashimoto Y, Suzuki S, Iwama T, Hiraoka K (2010) Quantitative aspects of atmospheric-pressure Penning ionization. J Mass Spectrom Soc Jap 58:211–213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Song L, Dykstra AB, Yao H, Bartmess JE (2009) Ionization mechanism of negative ion-direct analysis in real time: a comparative study with negative ion-atmospheric pressure photoionization. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20:42–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dane AJ, Cody RB (2010) Selective ionization of melamine in powdered milk by using argon direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Analyst 135:696–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yang H, Wan D, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S (2013) Argon direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry in conjunction with makeup solvents: a method for analysis of labile compounds. Anal Chem 85:1305–1309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Haunschmidt M, Klampfl CW, Buchberger W, Hertsens R (2010) Rapid identification of stabilizers in polypropylene using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and DART as ion source. Analyst 135:80–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Vaclavik L, Cajka T, Hrbek V, Hajslova J (2009) Ambient mass spectrometry employing direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source for olive oil quality and authenticity assessment. Anal Chim Acta 645:56–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. McEwen CN, Larsen BS (2009) Ionization mechanisms related to negative ion APPI, APCI, and DART. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20:1518–1521

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cody RB, Dane AJ (2013) Soft ionization of saturated hydrocarbons, alcohols and nonpolar compounds by negative-ion direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 24:329–334

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Tsuchiya M, Taira T (1978) A new ionization method for organic compounds. Liquid ionization at atmospheric pressure utilizing Penning effect and chemical ionization. Shitsuryo Bunseki 26:333–342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tsuchiya M, Taira T, Toyoura Y (1980) A new ionization detector for minute amounts of organic compounds in solution. Bunseki Kagaku 29:632–637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. McLuckey SA, Glish GL, Asano KG, Grant BC (1988) Atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization source for the determination of trace organic compounds in ambient air. Anal Chem 60:2220–2227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Faubert D, Paul GJC, Giroux J, Bertrand MJ (2013) Selective fragmentation and ionization of organic compounds using an energy-tunable rare-gas metastable beam source. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Process 124:69–77

    Google Scholar 

  50. Faubert D, Mousselmal M, Vuica A, Mireault P, Bertrand MJ (1998) Characteristics of the metastable atom bombardment (MAB) source as a common ion source for mass spectrometry. Adv Mass Spectrom 14:B01_3970 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  51. Fujimaki S, Furuya H, Kambara S, Hiraoka K (2004) Development of an atmospheric pressure Penning ionization source for gas analysis. J Mass Spectrom Soc Jap 52:149–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hiraoka K, Fujimaki S, Kambara S, Furuya H, Okazaki S (2004) Atmospheric-pressure Penning ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:2323–2330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Harper JD, Charipar NA, Mulligan CC, Zhang X, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z (2008) Low-temperature plasma probe for ambient desorption ionization. Anal Chem 80:9097–9104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ratcliffe LV, Rutten FJM, Barrett DA, Whitmore T, Seymour D, Greenwood C, Aranda-Gonzalvo Y, Robinson S, McCoustra M (2007) Surface analysis under ambient conditions using plasma-assisted desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79:6094–6101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Na N, Zhao M, Zhang S, Yang C, Zhang X (2007) Development of a dielectric barrier discharge ion source for ambient mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 18:1859–1862

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Na N, Zhang C, Zhao M, Zhang S, Yang C, Fang X, Zhang X (2007) Direct detection of explosives on solid surfaces by mass spectrometry with an ambient ion source based on dielectric barrier discharge. J Mass Spectrom 42:1079–1085

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wetzel WC, Andrade FJ, Broekaert JAC, Hieftje GM (2006) Development of a direct current He atmospheric-pressure glow discharge as an ionization source for elemental mass spectrometry via hydride generation. J Anal At Spectrom 21:750–756

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Andrade FJ, Shelley JT, Wetzel WC, Webb MR, Gamez G, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM (2008) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. 2. Desorption–ionization for the direct analysis of solid compounds. Anal Chem 80:2654–2663

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. McEwen CN, McKay RG, Larsen BS (2005) Analysis of solids, liquids, and biological tissues using solids probe introduction at atmospheric pressure on commercial LC/MS instruments. Anal Chem 77:7826–7831

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cristoni S, Bernardi LR, Biunno I, Tubaro M, Guidugli F (2003) Surface-activated no-discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:1973–1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cristoni S, Bernardi LR, Guidugli F, Tubaro M, Traldi P (2005) The role of different phenomena in surface-activated chemical ionization (SACI) performance. J Mass Spectrom 40:1550–1557

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Takats Z, Cotte-Rodriguez I, Talaty N, Chen H, Cooks RG (2005) Direct, trace level detection of explosives on ambient surfaces by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Commun :1950–1952

  63. Cotte-Rodriguez I, Takats Z, Talaty N, Chen H, Cooks RG (2005) Desorption electrospray ionization of explosives on surfaces: sensitivity and selectivity enhancement by reactive desorption electrospray ionization. Anal Chem 77:6755–6764

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Cotte-Rodriguez I, Mulligan CC, Cooks RG (2007) Non-proximate detection of small and large molecules by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: instrumentation and applications in forensics, chemistry, and biology. Anal Chem 79:7069–7077

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Haapala M, Pol J, Saarela V, Arvola V, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R (2007) Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization. Anal Chem 79:7867–7872

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Raffaeli A, Saba A (2003) Atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev 22:318–331

    Google Scholar 

  67. Syage JA, Hanold KA, Lynn TC, Horner JA, Thakur RA (2004) Atmospheric pressure photoionization. II. Dual source ionization. J Chromatogr A 1050:137–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. McEwen C, Gutteridge S (2007) Analysis of the inhibition of the ergosterol pathway in fungi using the atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) method. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 18:1274–1278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fernandez FM, Cody RB, Green MD, Hampton CY, McGready R, Sengaloundeth S, White NJ, Newton PN (2006) Characterization of solid counterfeit drug samples by desorption electrospray ionization and direct-analysis-in-real-time coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ChemMedChem 1:702–705

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Nyadong L, Harris GA, Balayssac S, Galhena AS, Malet-Martino M, Martino R, Parry RM, Wang MD, Fernandez FM, Gilard V (2009) Combining Two-dimensional diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry for the integral investigation of counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 81:4803–4812

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Petucci C, Diffendal J, Kaufman D, Mekonnen B, Terefenko G, Musselman B (2007) Direct analysis in real time for reaction monitoring in drug discovery. Anal Chem 79:5064–5070

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pierce CY, Barr JR, Cody RB, Massung RF, Woolfitt AR, Moura H, Thompson HA, Fernandez FM (2007) Ambient generation of fatty acid methyl ester ions from bacterial whole cells by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Chem Commun 807–809

  73. Harris GA, Fernandez FM (2009) Simulations and experimental investigation of atmospheric transport in an ambient metastable-induced chemical ionization source. Anal Chem 81:322–329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Perez JJ, Harris GA, Chipuk JE, Brodbelt JS, Green MD, Hampton CY, Fernandez FM (2010) Transmission-mode direct analysis in real time and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control. Analyst 135:712–719

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Jones CM, Fernandez FM (2013) Transmission mode direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for fast untargeted metabolic fingerprinting. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 27:1311–1318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Vaclavik L, Belkova B, Reblova Z, Riddellova K, Hajslova J (2013) Rapid monitoring of heat-accelerated reactions in vegetable oils using direct analysis in real time ionization coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 138:2312–2320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Krechmer J, Tice J, Crawford E, Musselman B (2011) Increasing the rate of sample vaporization in an open air desorption ionization source by using a heated metal screen as a sample holder. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25:2384–2388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Chernetsova ES, Crawford EA, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Makarov VG, Morlock GE (2012) ID-CUBE direct analysis in real time high-resolution mass spectrometry and its capabilities in the identification of phenolic components from the green leaves of Bergenia crassifolia L. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:1329–1337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chernetsova ES, Revelsky AI, Morlock GE (2011) Some new features of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry utilizing the desorption at an angle option. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 25:2275–2282

    Google Scholar 

  80. Morlock G, Ueda Y (2007) New coupling of planar chromatography with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1143:243–251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Chan MN, Nah T, Wilson KR (2013) Real time in situ chemical characterization of sub-micron organic aerosols using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS): the effect of aerosol size and volatility. Analyst 138:3749–3757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Nilles JM, Connell TR, Durst HD (2009) Quantitation of chemical warfare agents using the direct analysis in real time (DART) technique. Anal Chem 81:6744–6749

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rowell F, Seviour J, Lim AY, Elumbaring-Salazar CG, Loke J, Ma J (2012) Detection of nitro-organic and peroxide explosives in latent fingermarks by DART- and SALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 221:84–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Jones RW, Cody RB, McClelland JF (2006) Differentiating writing inks using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 51:915–918

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Houlgrave S, LaPorte GM, Stephens JC, Wilson JL (2013) The classification of inkjet inks using AccuTOF DART (direct analysis in real time) mass spectrometry - a preliminary study. J Forensic Sci 58:813–821

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lesiak AD, Musah RA, Cody RB, Domin MA, Dane AJ, Shepard JRE (2013) Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) of "bath salt" cathinone drug mixtures. Analyst 138:3424–3432

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Musah RA, Domin MA, Cody RB, Lesiak AD, John Dane A, Shepard JRE (2012) Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation for structural analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:2335–2342

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Musah RA, Domin MA, Walling MA, Shepard JRE (2012) Rapid identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal samples via direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:1109–1114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dunham Sage JB, Hooker PD, Hyde RM (2012) Identification, extraction and quantification of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 from commercially available herbal marijuana alternatives. Forensic Sci Int 223:241–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Li W, Cheng X, Li W, Wei F, Xiao X, Lin R (2012) Rapid and direct analysis of sibutramine hydrochloride illegally added in weight-loss healthy food by DART-MS/MS method. Zhongguo Yaoshi 26:147–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Yew JY, Cody RB, Kravitz EA (2008) Cuticular hydrocarbon analysis of an awake behaving fly using direct analysis in real-time time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:7135–7140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sapozhkova MB, Zharova NG, Kalmykova TP, Drogova GM, Suslina SN, Bykov VA (2012) Improving the method of flavonoide determination in metabolome of plants and complex formulation on the basis of flavonoides. Vopr Biol Med Farm Khim 3–8

  93. Navare AT, Mayoral JG, Nouzova M, Noriega FG, Fernandez FM (2010) Rapid direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometric detection of juvenile hormone III and its terpene precursors. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:3005–3013

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kpegba K, Spadaro T, Cody RB, Nesnas N, Olson JA (2007) Analysis of self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79:5479–5483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Haunschmidt M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW, Hertsens R (2011) Identification and semi-quantitative analysis of parabens and UV filters in cosmetic products by direct-analysis-in-real-time mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Anal Methods 3:99–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Haunschmidt M, Klampfl CW, Buchberger W, Hertsens R (2010) Determination of organic UV filters in water by stir bar sorptive extraction and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:269–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Grange AH (2013) Semi-quantitative analysis of contaminants in soils by direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 27:305–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mess A, Vietzke JP, Rapp C, Francke W (2011) Qualitative analysis of tackifier resins in pressure sensitive adhesives using direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 83:7323–7330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Haefliger OP, Jeckelmann N (2007) Direct mass spectrometric analysis of flavors and fragrances in real applications using DART. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21:1361–1366

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kuki A, Nagy L, Zsuga M, Keki S (2011) Fast identification of phthalic acid esters in poly(vinyl chloride) samples by direct analysis in real time (DART) tandem mass spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom 303:225–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Vaclavik L, Hrbek V, Cajka T, Rohlik BA, Pipek P, Hajslova J (2011) Authentication of animal fats using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization-mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. J Agric Food Chem 59:5919–5926

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Zachariasova M, Cajka T, Godula M, Malachova A, Veprikova Z, Hajslova J (2010) Analysis of multiple mycotoxins in beer employing (ultra)-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:3357–3367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Block E, Cody RB, Dane AJ, Sheridan R, Vattekkatte A, Wang K (2010) Allium chemistry: use of new instrumental techniques to "see" reactive organosulfur species formed upon crushing garlic and onion. Pure Appl Chem 82:535–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Block E, Dane AJ, Thomas S, Cody RB (2010) Applications of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in allium chemistry. 2-propenesulfenic and 2-propenesulfinic acids, diallyl trisulfane S-oxide, and other reactive sulfur compounds from crushed garlic and other alliums. J Agric Food Chem 58:4617–4625

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Danhelova H, Hradecky J, Prinosilova S, Cajka T, Riddellova K, Vaclavik L, Hajslova J (2012) Rapid analysis of caffeine in various coffee samples employing direct analysis in real-time ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:2883–2889

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Chernetsova ES, Bromirski M, Scheibner O, Morlock GE (2012) DART-Orbitrap MS: a novel mass spectrometric approach for the identification of phenolic compounds in propolis. Anal Bioanal Chem 403:2859–2867

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Self RL (2013) Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) for rapid qualitative screening of toxic glycols in glycerin-containing products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 80:155–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Zhao Y, Lam M, Wu D, Mak R (2008) Quantification of small molecules in plasma with direct analysis in real time tandem mass spectrometry, without sample preparation and liquid chromatographic separation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:3217–3224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jagerdeo E, Abdel-Rehim M (2009) Screening of cocaine and its metabolites in human urine samples by direct analysis in real-time source coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry after online preconcentration utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20:891–899

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wang C, Zhu H, Cai Z, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S (2013) Newborn screening of phenylketonuria using direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:3159–3164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Zeng S, Chen T, Wang L, Qu H (2013) Monitoring batch-to-batch reproducibility using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis: a case study on precipitation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 76:87–95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Yu S, Crawford E, Tice J, Musselman B, Wu JT (2009) Bioanalysis without sample cleanup or chromatography: the evaluation and initial implementation of direct analysis in real time ionization mass spectrometry for the quantification of drugs in biological matrixes. Anal Chem 81:193–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Song L, Gibson SC, Bhandari D, Cook KD, Bartmess JE (2009) Ionization mechanism of positive-Ion direct analysis in real time: a transient microenvironment concept. Anal Chem 81:10080–10088

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gross JH (2013) Polydimethylsiloxane-based wide range mass calibration for direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 405. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7287-1

  115. Eberherr W, Buchberger W, Hertsens R, Klampfl CW (2010) Investigations on the coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 82:5792–5796

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Chang C, Xu G, Bai Y, Zhang C, Li X, Li M, Liu Y, Liu H (2013) Online coupling of capillary electrophoresis with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 85:170–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Saang’onyo D, Selby G, Smith DL (2012) Validation of a direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) method for the quantitation of six carbon sugars in a saccharification matrix. Anal Methods 4:3460–3465

    Google Scholar 

  118. Chernetsova ES, Morlock GE (2012) Assessing the capabilities of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural quantitation in honey. Int J Mass Spectrom 314:22–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Saang’onyo DS, Smith DL (2012) Optimization of direct analysis in real time (DART) linear ion trap parameters for the detection and quantitation of glucose. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:385–391

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 623 at the Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Heidelberg) for use of their FT-ICR instrument and his institution for acquisition of the DART source. Generous information and discussions with Robert B. Cody (Jeol, Peabody, USA) and a sample of [60]fullerene from Professor W. Krätschmer (MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg) are gratefully acknowledged. The critical and constructive comments of anonymous reviewers substantially helped in shaping this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Jürgen H. Gross

Authors
  1. Jürgen H. Gross
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jürgen H. Gross.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(PDF 837 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gross, J.H. Direct analysis in real time—a critical review on DART-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 406, 63–80 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7316-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7316-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation