Abstract
The time-honored convention of concentrating aqueous samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) is being challenged by the increasingly widespread use of large-volume injection (LVI) liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) for the determination of traces of polar organic contaminants in environmental samples. Although different LVI approaches have been proposed over the last 40 years, the simplest and most popular way of performing LVI is known as single-column LVI (SC-LVI), in which a large-volume of an aqueous sample is directly injected into an analytical column. For the purposes of this critical review, LVI is defined as an injected sample volume that is ≥10% of the void volume of the analytical column. Compared with other techniques, SC-LVI is easier to set up, because it requires only small hardware modifications to existing autosamplers and, thus, it will be the main focus of this review. Although not new, SC-LVI is gaining acceptance and the approach is emerging as a technique that will render SPE nearly obsolete for many environmental applications. In this review, we discuss: the history and development of various forms of LVI; the critical factors that must be considered when creating and optimizing SC-LVI methods; and typical applications that demonstrate the range of environmental matrices to which LVI is applicable, for example drinking water, groundwater, and surface water including seawater and wastewater. Furthermore, we indicate direction and areas that must be addressed to fully delineate the limits of SC-LVI.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CC-LVI:
-
Coupled-column large-volume injection
- LVI:
-
Large-volume injection
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- LC–MS–MS:
-
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- ON-E:
-
On-line enrichment
- SC-LVI:
-
Single-column large-volume injection
- SPE:
-
Solid-phase extraction
- UV–Vis:
-
Ultraviolet–visible absorption
References
Jonkers N, Sousa A, Galante-Oliveira S, Barroso CM, Kohler HPE, Giger W (2010) Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:834–843
Alumbaugh RE, Gieg LM, Field JA (2004) J Chromatogr A 1042:89–97
Busetti F, Heitz A, Cuomo M, Badoer S, Traverso P (2006) J Chromatogr A 1102:104–115
Altenbach B, Giger W (1995) Anal Chem 67:2325–2333
Field JA, Monohan K (1995) Anal Chem 67:3357–3362
Martin JW, Kannan K, Berger U, de Voogt P, Field J, Franklin J, Giesy JP, Harner T, Muir DC, Scott B, Kaiser M, Jarnberg U, Jones KC, Mabury SA, Schroeder H, Simcik M, Sottani C, van Bavel B, Karrman A, Lindstrom G, van Leeuwen S (2004) Environ Sci Technol 38:248A–255A
Little JN, Fallick GJ (1975) J Chromatogr 112:389–397
Gloor R, Johnson EL (1977) J Chromatogr Sci 15:413–423
Kiso Y, Li H, Shigetoh K, Kitao T, Jinno K (1996) J Chromatogr A 733:259–265
Hogendoorn EA, Dejong A, Vanzoonen P, Brinkman UAT (1990) J Chromatogr 511:243–256
Hogendoorn EA, Verschraagen C, Brinkman UAT, van Zoonen P (1992) Anal Chim Acta 268:205–215
Hogendoorn EA, Vanzoonen P (1992) Fresenius J Anal Chem 343:73–74
Hogendoorn EA, Brinkman UAT, van Zoonen P (1993) J Chromatogr A 644:307–314
Hogendoorn EA, Hoogerbrugge R, Baumann RA, Meiring HD, de Jong A, van Zoonen P (1996) J Chromatogr A 754:49–60
Hidalgo C, Sancho JV, Hernandez F (1997) Anal Chim Acta 338:223–229
Sancho JV, Hidalgo C, Hernandez F (1997) J Chromatogr A 761:322–326
Hernandez F, Hidalgo C, Sancho JV, Lopez FJ (1998) Anal Chem 70:3322–3328
Rezai MA, Famiglini G, Cappiello A (1996) J Chromatogr A 742:69–78
Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Berloni A (1997) J Chromatogr A 768:215–222
Hogenboom AC, Hofman MP, Kok SJ, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT (2000) J Chromatogr A 892:379–390
van der Heeft E, Dijkman E, Baumann RA, Hogendoorn EA (2000) J Chromatogr A 879:39–50
Dijkman E, Mooibroek D, Hoogerbrugge R, Hogendoorn E, Sancho JV, Pozo O, Hernandez F (2001) J Chromatogr A 926:113–125
Ingelse BA, van Dam RCJ, Vreeken RJ, Mol HGJ, Steijger OM (2001) J Chromatogr A 918:67–78
Huang SB, Mayer TJ, Yokley RA, Perez R (2006) J Agric Food Chem 54:713–719
Seitz W, Schulz W, Weber WH (2006) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20:2281–2285
Diaz L, Llorca-Porcel J, Valor I (2008) Anal Chim Acta 624:90–96
Greulich K, Alder L (2008) Anal Bioanal Chem 391:183–197
Smith GA, Pepich BV, Munch DJ (2008) J Chromatogr A 1202:138–144
Kowal S, Balsaa P, Werres F, Schmidt TC (2009) Anal Bioanal Chem 395:1787–1794
Rosales-Conrado N, Leon-Gonzalez ME, Perez-Arribas LV, Polo-Diez LM (2002) Anal Chim Acta 470:147–154
Chalanyova M, Paulechova M, Hutta M (2006) J Sep Sci 29:2149–2157
Rybar I, Gora R, Hutta M (2007) J Sep Sci 30:3164–3173
Bachema Analytical Laboratories Schlieren Switzerland (2011) <http://www.bachema.ch/analyse-methoden/wasser/einzelanalysen>/ Accessed 21 July 2011
Schultz MM, Barofsky DF, Field JA (2004) Environ Sci Technol 38:1828–1835
Schultz MM, Barofsky DF, Field JA (2006) Environ Sci Technol 40:289–295
Huset CA, Chiaia AC, Barofsky DF, Jonkers N, Kohler HPE, Ort C, Giger W, Field JA (2008) Environ Sci Technol 42:6369–6377
Furdui VI, Crozier PW, Reiner EJ, Mabury SA (2008) Chemosphere 73:S24–S30
Cavalli S, Polesello S, Saccani G (2004) J Chromatogr A 1039:155–159
Marin JM, Pozo OJ, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, Lopez FJ, Hernandez F (2006) J Mass Spectrom 41:1041–1048
Pitarch E, Hernandez F, ten Hove J, Meiring H, Niesing W, Dijkman E, Stolker L, Hogendoorn E (2004) J Chromatogr A 1031:1–9
Chiaia AC, Banta-Green C, Field J (2008) Environ Sci Technol 42:8841–8848
Thompson TS, Noot DK, Forrest F, van der Heever JP, Kendall J, Keenliside J (2009) Anal Chim Acta 633:127–135
Berset JD, Brenneisen R, Mathieu C (2010) Chemosphere 81:859–866
Bisceglia KJ, Roberts AL, Schantz MM, Lippa KA (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 398:2701–2712
Weiss S, Reemtsma T (2005) Anal Chem 77:7415–7420
Quintana JB, Reemtsma T (2007) J Chromatogr A 1145:110–117
Busetti F, Linge KL, Blythe JW, Heitz A (2008) J Chromatogr A 1213:200–208
Busetti F, Linge KL, Rodriguez C, Heitz A (2010) J Environ Sci Health A 45:542–548
Patterson BM, Shackleton M, Furness AJ, Pearce J, Descourvieres C, Linge KL, Busetti F, Spadek T (2010) Water Res 44:1471–1481
Curtin Water Quality Research Centre Perth Australia (2010) http://cwqrc.curtin.edu.au/ Accessed 21 July 2011
Speksnijder P, van Ravestijn J, de Voogt P (2010) J Chromatogr A 1217:5184–5189
Backe W, Ort C, Brewer A, Field J (2011) Anal Chem 83:2622–2630
Poole CF, Gunatilleka AD, Sethuraman R (2000) J Chromatogr A 885:17–39
Gelencser A, Kiss G, Krivacsy Z, Vargapuchony Z, Hlavay J (1995) J Chromatogr A 693:217–225
Gelencser A, Kiss G, Krivacsy Z, Vargapuchony Z, Hlavay J (1995) J Chromatogr A 693:227–233
Thurman E, Mills M (1998) Solid phase extraction principles and practice. Wiley, New York, p 344
Snyder L, Kirkland J, Dolan J (2010) Introduction to modern liquid chromatography. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, p 912
Majors RE, Carr PW (2008) LC GC North America 26:118
Jessome LL, Volmer DA (2006) LC GC North America 24:498
Chassaing C, Luckwell J, Macrae P, Saunders K, Wright P, Venn R (2001) Chromatographia 53:122–130
Powley CR, George SW, Ryan TW, Buck RC (2005) Anal Chem 77:6353–6358
Yamashita N, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Horii Y, Okazawa T, Petrick G, Gamo T (2004) Environ Sci Technol 38:5522–5528
Yamashita N, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Horii Y, Petrick G, Gamo T (2005) Mar Pollut Bull 51:658–668
Williams S (2004) J Chromatogr A 1052:1–11
Bakalyar SR, Phipps C, Spruce B, Olsen K (1997) J Chromatogr A 762:167–185
Kozlowski ES, Dalterlo RA (2007) J Sep Sci 30:2286–2292
Layne J, Farcas T, Rustamov I, Ahmed F (2001) J Chromatogr A 913:233–242
Mills MJ, Maltas J, Lough WJ (1997) J Chromatogr A 759:1–11
Leon-Gonzalez ME, Rosales-Conrado N, Perez-Arribas LV, Polo-Diez LM (2010) J Chromatogr A 1217:7507–7513
Snyder L, Dolan J (2007) High performance gradient elution: the practical application of the linear solvent strength model. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in the 10th Anniversary Issue.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Busetti, F., Backe, W.J., Bendixen, N. et al. Trace analysis of environmental matrices by large-volume injection and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 402, 175–186 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5290-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5290-y