Abstract
In this study, we present a novel three-dimensional hydrodynamic sheath flow chip that allows full control of a sample stream. The chip offers the possibility to steer each of the four side sheath flows individually. The design of the flow-cell exhibits high flexibility in creating different sample stream profiles (width and height) and allows navigation of the sample stream to every desired position inside the microchannel (vertical and horizontal). This can be used to bring the sample stream to a sensing area for analysis, or to an area of actuation (e.g. for cell sorting). In addition, we studied the creation of very small sample stream diameters. In microchannels (typically 25 × 40 μm²), we created sample stream diameters that were five to ten times smaller than the channel dimensions, and the smallest measured sample stream width was 1.5 μm. Typical flow rates are 0.5 μl/min for the sample flow and around 100 μl/min for the cumulated sheath flows. The planar microfabricated chip, consisting of a silicon–glass sandwich with an intermediate SU-8 layer, is much smaller (6 × 9 mm²) than the previously presented sheath flow devices, which makes it also cost-effective. We present the chip design, fluidic simulation results and experiments, where the size, shape and position of the sample stream have been established by laser scanning confocal microscopy and dye intensity analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arakawa T, Shirasaki Y, Aoki T, Funatsu T, Shoji S (2007) Three-dimensional sheath flow sorting microsystem using thermosensitive hydrogel. Sens Actuators A 135:99–105
Chang C-C, Huang Z-X, Yang R-J (2007) Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in two-layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels. J. Micromech Microeng 17:1479–1486
Chung S, Park SJ, Kim JK, Chung C, Han DC, Chang JK (2003) Plastic microchip flow cytometer based on 2- and 3-dimensional hydrodynamic flow focusing. Microsyst Technol 9:525–533
DeMello AJ (2006) Control and detection of chemical reactions in microfluidic systems. Nature 442:394–402
Dittrich PS, Tachikawa K, Manz A (2006) Micro total analysis systems. Latest advancements and trends. Anal Chem 78:3887–3907
Haeberle S, Zengerle R, Ducrée J (2007) Centrifugal generation and manipulation of droplet emulsions. Microfluid Nanofluid 3:65–75
Hairer G, Pärr GS, Svasek P, Jachimowicz A, Vellekoop MJ (2008) Investigations of micrometer sample stream profiles in a three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing device. Sens Actuators B 132:518–524
Holmes D, Morgan H, Green NG (2006) High throughput particle analysis: combining dielectrophoretic particle focussing with confocal optical detection. Biosens Bioelectron 21:1621–1630
Huang SH, Khoo HS, ChangChien SY, Tseng FG (2008) Synthesis of bio-functionalized copolymer particles bearing carboxyl groups via a microfluidic device. Microfluid Nanofluid 5:459–468
Huh D, Gu W, Kamotani Y, Grotberg JB, Takayama S (2005) Microfluidics for flow cytometric analysis of cells and particles. Physiol Meas 26:R73–R98
Knight JB, Vishwanath A, Brody JP, Austin RH (1998) Hydrodynamic focusing on a silicon chip: mixing nanoliters in microseconds. Phys Rev Lett 80:3863–3866
Kostner S, Vellekoop MJ (2008) Cell analysis in a microfluidic cytometer applying a DVD pickup head. Sens Actuators B 132:512–517
Lipman EA, Schuler B, Bakajin O, Eaton WA (2003) Single-molecule measurements of protein folding kinetics. Science 301:1233–1235
Mao X, Waldeisen JR, Huang TJ (2007) “Microfluidic drifting”-implementing three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing with a single-layer planar microfluidic device. Lab Chip 7:1260–1262
Nieuwenhuis JH, Bastemeijer J, Sarro PM, Vellekoop MJ (2003) Integrated flow-cells for novel adjustable sheath flows. Lab Chip 3:56–61
Nieuwenhuis JH, Kohl F, Bastemeijer J, Sarro PM, Vellekoop MJ (2004) Integrated Coulter counter based on 2-dimensional liquid aperture control. Sens Actuators B 102:44–50
Pappaert K, Biesemans J, Clicq D, Vankrunkelsven S, Desmet G (2005) Measurements of diffusion coefficients in 1-D micro- and nanochannels using shear-driven flows. Lab Chip 5:1104–1110
Regenberg B, Kruhne U, Beyer M, Pedersen L, Simon M, Thomas O, Nielsen J, Ahl T (2004) Use of laminar flow patterning for miniaturised biochemical assays. Lab Chip 4:654–657
Rodriguez-Trujillo R, Mills CA, Samitier J, Gomila G (2007) Low cost micro-Coulter counter with hydrodynamic focusing. Microfluid Nanofluid 3:171–176
Sato H, Sasamoto Y, Yagyu D, Sekiguchi T, Shoji S (2007) 3D sheath flow using hydrodynamic position control of the sample flow. J Micromech Microeng 17:2211–2216
Scott R, Sethu P, Harnett CK (2008) Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in a microfluidic Coulter counter. Rev Sci Instrum 79:046104
Shi J, Mao X, Ahmed D, Colletti A, Huang TJ (2008) Focusing microparticles in a microfluidic channel with standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW). Lab Chip 8:221–223
Shoji S, Akahori K, Tashiro K, Sato H, Honda N (2001) Design and fabrication of micromachined chemical/biochemical systems. Focused Sci Technol Micro/Nano Scale 36:8–11
Simonnet C, Groisman A (2005) Two-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in a simple microfluidic device. Appl Phys Lett 87:114104
Srivastava Y, Rhodes C, Marquez M, Thorsen T (2008) Electrospinnng hollow and core/sheath nanofibers using hydrodynamic fluid focusing. Microfluid Nanofluid 5:455–458
Stone HA, Stroock AD, Ajdari A (2004) Engineering flows in small devices: microfluidics towards a lab-on-a-chip. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 36:381–411
Sundararajan N, Pio MS, Lee LP, Berlin AA (2004) Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels. J Microelectromech Syst 13:559–567
Svasek P, Svasek E, Lendl B, Vellekoop MJ (2004) Fabrication of miniaturized fluidic devices using SU-8-based lithography and low temperature wafer bonding. Sens Actuator A 115:591–599
Takayama S, McDonald JC, Ostuni E, Liang MN, Kenis PJA, Ismagilov RF, Whitesides GM (1999) Patterning cells and their environments using multiple laminar fluid flows in capillary networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:5545–5548
Takeuchi S, Garstecki P, Weibel DB, Whitesides GM (2005) An axisymmetric flow-focusing microfluidics device. Adv Mater 17:1067–1072
Tsai C-H, Hou H-H, Fu L-M (2008) An optimal three-dimensional focusing technique for micro-flow cytometers. Microfluid Nanofluid 5:827–836
Tung Y-C, Zhang M, Lin C-T, Kurabayashi K, Skerlos SJ (2004) PDMS-based opto-fluidic micro-flow cytometer with two-color, multi-angle fluorescence detection capability using PIN photodiodes. Sens Actuators B 98:356–367
Wang F, Wang H, Wang J, Wang H-Y, Rummel PL, Garimella SV, Lu C (2008) Microfluidic delivery of small molecules into mammalian cells based on hydrodynamic focusing. Biotechnol Bioeng 100:150–158
Wolff A, Perch-Nielsen IR, Larsen UD, Friis P, Goranovic G, Poulsen CR, Kutter JP, Telleman P (2003) Integrating advanced functionality in a microfabricated high-throughput fluorescent-activated cell sorter. Lab Chip 3:22–27
Wong PK, Lee Y-K, Ho C-M (2003) Deformation of DNA molecules by hydrodynamic focusing. J Fluid Mech 497:55–65
Xu S, Nie S, Seo M, Lewis P, Kumacheva E, Stone H, Garstecki P, Weibel D, Gitlin I, Whitesides GM (2005) Generation of monodisperse particles by using micofluidics: control over size, shape and composition. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:724–728
Yang R, Feeback DL, Wang W (2005a) Microfabrication and test of a three-dimensional polymer hydro-focusing unit for flow cytometry applications. Sens Actuators A 118:259–267
Yang R-J, Chang C-C, Huang S-B, Lee G-B (2005b) A new focusing model and switching approach for electokinetic flow inside the microchannel. J. Micromech Microeng 5:2141–2148
Yu C, Vykoukal J, Vykoukal DM, Schwartz JA, Shi L, Gascoyne PRC (2005) A three-dimensional dielectrophoretic particle focusing channel for microcytometry application. J Microelectromech Syst 14:480–487
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy (USTEM) at the Vienna University of Technology for providing the possibility to make the confocal laser scanning microscope measurements. We also acknowledge our colleagues from the Sensor Technology Lab (Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology), especially G. Pärr, P. Svasek, E. Pirker and Dr. A. Jachimowicz, for fruitful discussions and the fabrication of the devices, the chip-holder and the custom-built mould.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hairer, G., Vellekoop, M.J. An integrated flow-cell for full sample stream control. Microfluid Nanofluid 7, 647–658 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-009-0425-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-009-0425-6