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Agronomic fortification of rice grains with secondary and micronutrients under differing crop management and soil moisture regimes in the north Indian Plains

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Abstract

Although the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been reported to produce higher paddy (Oryza sativa L.) yields with better-quality grains, little research has addressed the latter claim. This study investigated the interactive effects of rice cultivation methods with different irrigation schedules and plant density on the uptake and concentration of sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in the grain and straw of two rice cultivars during two rainy seasons in the northern plains of India. As the two seasons differed in amounts of rainfall, there were impacts of soil moisture differences on nutrient uptake. Plots with SRI cultivation methods enhanced the grain uptake and concentrations of S, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by 36, 32, 28, 32 and 63%, respectively, compared to conventional transplanting (CT). Under SRI management, the highest concentrations of S, Zn and Cu in the grain and straw occurred with irrigation intervals scheduled at 3 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW; 3D), whereas Fe and Mn concentrations in the grain and straw were higher with irrigation at 1 DADPW (1 D ) compared with plots under 3 D or 5 DADPW (5 D ). The higher nutrient uptakes were also manifested in higher grain yield in 1 D and 3 D plots (by 9 and 6%, respectively) compared with 5 D . Wider spacing (25 × 25 cm) compared with closer spacing (20 × 20 cm) significantly increased yield and the uptake and concentrations of all the said nutrients in the grains. When comparing the performance of two cultivars, the total uptakes of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in both grain and straw were significantly more in Hybrid 6444 than the improved variety Pant Dhan 4. Overall, SRI crop management compared to CT practices led to more biological fortification of rice grains with respect to S and the four micronutrients studied, giving a concomitant yield advantage of about 17% on average in this region.

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Notes

  1. Aerobic soil conditions would support greater growth and support of mycorrhizal fungi which have beneficial effects on rice plant functioning, constrained by continuous flooding (Solaiman and Hirata 1997). Microbiological evaluation was not part of this research.

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Acknowledgments

Authors extend their sincere gratitude to the All India Coordinated Research Project on Water Management for providing financial and technical support. Authors gratefully acknowledge both anonymous reviewers of the article for their valuable suggestions in improving the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

    Anchal Dass, Anil K. Choudhary, Ranjan Bhattacharyya & K. S. Rana

  2. G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India

    Subhash Chandra

  3. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Norman Uphoff

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  1. Anchal Dass
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  2. Subhash Chandra
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Correspondence to Ranjan Bhattacharyya.

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Dass, A., Chandra, S., Uphoff, N. et al. Agronomic fortification of rice grains with secondary and micronutrients under differing crop management and soil moisture regimes in the north Indian Plains. Paddy Water Environ 15, 745–760 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-017-0588-9

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