Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A review of the system of rice intensification in China

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Plant and Soil Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 15 July 2015

Abstract

Background

Continually increasing food demand from a still–growing human population and the need for environmentally–friendly strategies for sustainable agricultural development require innovation and further enhancement of cropping systems’ factor productivity. The system of rice intensification (SRI) has been proposed as a suitable strategy to improve rice yields with reduced input requirements, most notably water and seed, while enhancing soil and water quality because agrochemical applications can be cut back.

Scope and conclusions

This review examines the performance of SRI methods in China since first introduced in 1999 and considers their implications for further agricultural systems development. A meta–analysis of studies conducted over the past decade in China indicates that SRI methods have been increasing rice yield in comparison trials with current improved practices by more than 10 %. These higher yields are being attained with reduced field requirements for irrigation water and with much–reduced seed rates. This can lower farmers’ costs of production and enhance their net income from rice. Such benefits are accompanied by other advantages reported by various researchers in China and elsewhere, such as greater disease resistance, higher nitrogen use efficiency, enhanced photosynthetic rates, and improved physiological traits.

With appropriate modifications for local conditions, there is increasing evidence that SRI principles and practices can offer an environment–friendly strategy for sustainable agriculture in China and elsewhere. This review considers Chinese and other research on opportunities for improving agricultural production and food security with less strain on environmental resources, and for helping farmers cope with increasing climatic stresses now and in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A first international conference on SRI was held in Sanya, China, April 2002, hosted by Prof. Yuan Longping and cosponsored by his CNHRRDC, the CNRRI, and the Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD), with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and Rural Development Department of the World Bank (http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/proc1/index.html). See the keynote presentation by Yuan (2002).

  2. Since 2010, the SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI–Rice) at Cornell University which disseminates SRI knowledge worldwide has been collecting research reports related to SRI in China, as well as other countries, on its website at: http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/countries/china/research/index.html. It maintains also a RefWorks indexing of Chinese research that has reported on SRI effects and variations: http://www.refworks.com/refworks2/?site=010271135918800000%2fRWWS5A696889%2fChinese + SRI + Articles. See analysis of >300 articles on SRI published in the Chinese literature, see Fang and Styger (2014).

References

  • Abraham B, Araya H, Berhe T, Edwards S, Gujja B, Khadka R, Koma Y, Sen D, Sharif A, Styger E, Uphoff N, Verma A (2014) The system of crop intensification: reports from the field on improving agricultural production, food security, and resilience to climate change for multiple crops. Agric Food Secur 3:4, http://www.agricultureandfoodsecurity.com/content/3/1/4

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth EA, Davey PA, Bernacchi CJ, Dermody OC, Heaton EA, Moore DJ, Morgan B, Naidu SL, Ra HY, Zhu X, Curtis PS, Long SP (2002) A meta–analysis of elevated [CO2] effects on soybean (Glycine max) physiology, growth and yield. Global Chang Biol 8:695–709

    Google Scholar 

  • Anas I, Rupela O, Thiyagarajan T, Uphoff N (2011) A review of studies on SRI effects on beneficial organisms in rice soil rhizospheres. Paddy Water Environ 9:53–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Barah BC (2009) Economic and ecological benefits of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Tamil Nadu. Agric Econ Res Rev 22:209–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Barison J, Uphoff N (2010) Rice yield and its relation to root growth and nutrient–use efficiency under SRI and conventional cultivation: an evaluation in Madagascar. Paddy Water Environ 9:3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Belder P, Spiertz JHJ, Bouman BAM, Lu G, Tuong TP (2005) Nitrogen economy and water productivity of lowland rice under water–saving irrigation. Field Crop Res 93:169–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouman BAM, Tuong TP (2001) Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated rice. Agric Water Manag 49:11–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruinsma J (2009) The resource outlook to 2050: by how much do land, water, and crop yields need to increase by 2050? In: Bruinsma J (ed) Expert meeting on how to feed the world in 2050. FAO, Rome (www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapagain T, Yamaji E (2010) The effects of irrigation method, age of seedling and spacing on crop performance, productivity and water–wise rice production in Japan. Paddy Water Environ 8:81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Zhu D, Wu L, Lin X, Zhang Y (2007) Effect of different fertilizer–N management on nitrogen use efficiency of rice and soil microorganism under SRI. China J Soil Sci 38:687–692, in Chinese with English abstract

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Zheng X, Wang D, Xu C, Zhang X (2013) Influence of the improved system of rice intensification (SRI) on rice yield, yield components and tillering characteristics under different rice establishment methods. Plant Prod Sci 16:191–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen XP, Cui ZL, Fan MS, Vitousek P, Zhao M, Ma WQ, Wang ZL, Zhang WJ, Yan XY, Yang JC, Deng XP, Gao Q, Zhang Q, Guo SW, Ren J, Li SQ, Ye YL, Wang ZH, Huang JL, Tang QY, Sun YX, Peng XL, Zhang JW, He MR, Zhu YJ, Xue JQ, Wang GL, Wu L, An N, Wu LQ, Ma L, Zhang WF, Zhang FS (2014) Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature 514:486–489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chi F, Shen SH, Cheng HP, Jing YX, Yanni YG, Dazzo FB (2005) Ascending migration of endophytic rhizobia, from roots to leaves, inside rice plants and assessment of benefits to rice growth physiology. J Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7271–7278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chi F, Yan PF, Han F, Shen XY, Shen SH (2010) Proteomic analysis of rice seedlings infected by Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Proteomics 10:1861–1874

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis PS, Wang X (1998) A meta–analysis of elevated CO2 effects on woody plant mass, form, and physiology. Oecologia 113:299–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Dass A, Chandra S (2013) Irrigation, spacing and cultivar effects on net photosynthetic rate, dry matter partitioning of rice under system of rice intensification in Mollisols of Northern India. Exp Agric 49:504–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Deb D, Laessig J, Kloft M (2012) A critical assessment of the importance of seedling age in the system of rice intensification (SRI) in eastern India. Exp Agric 48:326–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Diwakar MC, Kumar A, Verma A, Uphoff N (2012) Report on the world–record SRI yields in kharif season 2011 in Nalanda District, Bihar State, India. Agric Today, New Delhi 15:54–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobermann A (2004) A critical assessment of the system of rice intensification. Agric Syst 79:261–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Z, Styger E (2014) System of rice intensification in China: research dynamics and innovative adaptations. Presentation made at 4th Intl. Rice Congress, Bangkok, Oct 28–31. http://www.slideshare.net/SRI.CORNELL/1423–system–of–rice–intensification–in–china

  • Feng ZZ, Kobayashi K, Ainsworth EA (2008) Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.): a meta–analysis. Global Chang Biol 14:2696–2708

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehring C, de Moura E, Soares R, Aguiar A, De Sousa A, Boddey R (2013) Ecological intensification of rice production in the lowlands of Amazonia–options for smallholder rice producers. Eur J Agron 46:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, Pretty J, Robinson S, Thomas SM, Toulmin C (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalakrishnan S, Kumar R, Humayun P, Srinivas V, Kumari B, Vijayabharathi R, Singh A, Surekha K, Padmavathi C, Somashekar N, Rao P, Latha P, Rao L, Babu V, Viraktamath B, Goud V, Loganandhan N, Gujja B, Rupela O (2014) Assessment of different methods of rice (Oryza sativa. L) cultivation affecting growth parameters, soil chemical, biological, and microbiological properties, water saving, and grain yield in rice–rice system. Paddy Water Environ 12:79–87

    Google Scholar 

  • He Y, Jian F, Ou S, Huang S, Lin L, Cen Y (2004a) Trial system of rice intensification (SRI) and its prospect in Guangxi. Guangxi Agric Sci 35:362–364, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • He Y, Ma J, Wei W (2004b) Effect of different kinds of fertilizers on the yield and grain quality in the SRI. Chin Agric Sci Bull 20:177–181, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges LV, Gurevitch J, Curtis PS (1999) The meta–analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150–1156

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang M, Zou Y, Feng Y, Cheng Z, Mo Y, Ibrahim M, Xia B, Jiang P (2011) No–tillage and direct seeding for super hybrid rice production in rice–oilseed rape cropping system. Eur J Agron 34:278–286

    Google Scholar 

  • IRIN (2012) Analysis: why rice intensification matters in Asia. U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Bangkok, http://www.irinnews.org/report/95342/analysis–why–rice–intensification–matters–in–asia

    Google Scholar 

  • Iswandi A, Utari NA, Sukmasakti YV, Widyastuti R (2014) Rice ratooning with high yield is possible, poster presented at 4th International Rice Congress, Bangkok, October 27–31

  • IWMI (2007) Rice: feeding the billions. In Water for food, water for life: a comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture, Chapter 14 Earthscan, London, and International Water Management Institute, Colombo. (http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Assessment/)

  • Jagannath P, Pullabhotla H, Uphoff N (2013) Meta–analysis evaluating water use, water saving and water productivity in irrigated production of rice with SRI vs. standard management methods. Taiwan Water Conserv 61:14–49, in English with Chinese abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang H, Guo L, Qian Q (2007) Recent progress on rice genetics in China. J Integr Plant Biol 49:776–790

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin X, Jin Z, Sun T, Shang W, Li D, Xu F (2005) Summaries in the study of 3–S cultivating technique of rice in cold zone. Chin Agric Sci Bull 21:136–141, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabir H, Uphoff N (2007) Results of disseminating the system of rice intensification with farmer field school methods in Northern Myanmar. Exp Agric 43:464–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassam A, Stoop W, Uphoff N (2011) Review of SRI modifications in rice crop and water management and research issues for making further improvements in agricultural and water productivity. Paddy Water Environ 9:163–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal R (2004) Carbon from farm operations. Environ Int 30:981–990

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latif MA, Ali MY, Islam MR, Badshah MA, Hasan MS (2009) Evaluation of management principles and performance of the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Bangladesh. Field Crop Res 114:255–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Laulanié H (1993) Le système de riziculture intensive malgache. Tropicultura 11:110–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Wu S, Wu C, Li X, Liao C, Chen A (2005a) Agronomic performance of system for rice intensification under single late–season rice. Crops J 1:36–37, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin XQ, Zhou W, Zhu DF, Zhang Y (2005b) Effect of SWD irrigation on photosynthesis and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Field Crop Res 94:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Wu C, Lai L (2008) The primary effects of system for rice intensification on conventional early Indica rice. China Rice 5:56–58, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin XQ, Zhu DF, Chen H, Cheng SH, Uphoff N (2009) Effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rates on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of hybrid rice (Oryza Sativa L.). J Agric Biotechnol Sust Dev 1:44–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin XQ, Zhu DF, Lin X (2011) Effects of water management and organic fertilization with SRI crop practices on hybrid rice performance and rhizosphere dynamics. Paddy Water Environ 9:33–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu S, Dong Y, Yuan J, Lee H, Padilla H (2013) A high–yielding, water–saving innovation combining SRI with plastic cover on no–till raised beds in Sichuan, China. Taiwan Water Conserv 61:94–109, in English with Chinese abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma BL, Ying J, Dwyer LM, Gregorich EG, Morrison MJ (2003) Crop rotation and soil nitrogen amendment effects on maize production in Eastern Canada. Can J Soil Sci 83:483–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Mati B, Wanjogu R, Odongo B (2011) Introduction of the system of rice intensification in Kenya: experiences from Mwea irrigation scheme. Paddy Water Environ 9:145–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Salokhe V (2011) Rice root growth and physiological responses to SRI water management and implications for crop productivity. Paddy Water Environ 9:45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra A, Whitten M, Ketelaar JW, Salokhe VM (2007) The system of rice intensification (SRI): a challenge for science, and an opportunity for farmer empowerment towards sustainable agriculture. Int J Agric Sustain 4:193–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller N, Gerber J, Johnston M, Ray D, Ramankutty N, Foley J (2012) Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature 490:254–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ndiiri J, Mati B, Home P, Odongo B, Uphoff N (2013) Adoption, constraints and economic returns of paddy rice under the system of rice intensification in Mwea, Kenya. Agric Water Manag 129:44–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemoto K, Morita S, Baba T (1995) Shoot and root development in rice related to the phyllochron. Crop Sci 35(1):24–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Noltze M, Schwarze S, Qaim M (2012) Understanding the adoption of system technologies in smallholder agriculture: the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Timor Leste. Agric Syst 108:64–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng S, Huang J, Sheehy J, Laza R, Visperas R, Zhong X, Centeno G, Khush G, Cassman K (2004) Rice yield declines with higher night temperature from global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9971–9975

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng S, Tang Q, Zou Y (2009) Current status and challenges of rice production in China. Plant Prod Sci 12:3–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Plabita R, Raj RK (2014) Extent of adoption of practices under system of rice intensification in Odisha. Oryza 51:81–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabenandrasana J (1998) Revolution in rice intensification in Madagascar. LEISA Magazine 15(3/4):48–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy K, Sreenivasulu S, Manohar C (2012) A report on direct–seeding technology with SRI concepts in rice using drum seeder in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Acharya Ranga Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirupati, AP, India (http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/countries/india/AP/InAPDrumSeeder_KVKBalaReddy09.pdf)

  • Rosenberg MS, Adams DC, Gurevitch J (2000) Metawin: statistical software for meta–analysis, version 2.1. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos A, Fageria N, Prabhu A (2003) Rice ratooning management practices for higher yields. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 34:881–918

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Uphoff N (2007) A review of on–farm evaluations of system of rice intensification (SRI) methods in eastern Indonesia. CAB Rev 2:54

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana A, Thiyagarajan T, Uphoff N (2007) Opportunities for water saving with higher yield from the system of rice intensification. Irrig Sci 25:99–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Setiawan BI, Imansyah A, Arif C, Watanabe T, Mizoguchi M, Kato H (2014) SRI paddy growth and GHG emissions at various groundwater levels. Irrig Drain 63:612–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharif A (2011) Technical adaptations for mechanized SRI production to achieve water saving and increased profitability in Punjab, Pakistan. Paddy Water Environ 9:111–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehy JE, Peng S, Dobermann A, Mitchell PL, Ferrer A, Yang J, Zou Y, Zhong X, Huang J (2004) Fantastic yields in the system of rice intensification: fact or fallacy? Field Crop Res 88:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha SK, Talati J (2007) Productivity impacts of the system of rice intensification (SRI): a case study in West Bengal, India. Agric Water Manag 87:55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoop WA (2011) The scientific case for system of rice intensification and its relevance for sustainable crop intensification. Int J Agric Sustain 9:443–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoop WA, Uphoff N, Kassam AH (2002) A review of agricultural research issues raised by the system of rice intensification (SRI) from Madagascar: opportunities for improving farming systems for resource–poor farmers. Agric Syst 71:249–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Barrett C (2014) The System of Rice Intensification and its impacts on household income and child schooling: Evidence from rural Indonesia. Amer J Agric Econ 96:269–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Tao L, Wang X, Min SK (2002) Physiological effects of SRI methods in the rice plant. In: Uphoff N, Fernandes ECM, Yuan LP, Peng JM, Rafaralahy R, Rabenandrasana J (eds) Assessments of the system of rice intensification (SRI): Proceedings of an international conference, Sanya, China, April 1–4, 2002. CIIFAD, Ithaca, pp 132–136, http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/proc1/sri_29.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur AK, Uphoff N, Antony E (2010a) An assessment of physiological effects of system of rice intensification (SRI) practices compared to recommended rice cultivation practices in India. Exp Agric 46:77–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur AK, Rath S, Roychowdhury S, Uphoff N (2010b) Comparative performance of rice with system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional management using different plant spacings. J Agron Crop Sci 196:146–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production systems. Nature 418:671–677

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toriyama K, Ando H (2011) Towards an understanding of the high productivity of rice with system of rice intensification (SRI) management from the perspectives of soil and plant physiological processes. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 57:636–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner TR, James EK, Poole PS (2014) The plant microbiome. Genome Biol 14:209. doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-209

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N (1999) Agroecological implications of the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Madagascar. Environ Dev Sustain 1:297–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N (2003) Higher yields with fewer external input? The System of Rice Intensification and potential contributions to agricultural sustainability. Int J Agric Sustain 1:38–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N (2012) Supporting food security in the 21st century through resource-conserving increases in agricultural production. Agric Food Secur 1:18

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N, Randriamiharisoa R (2002) Possibilities for reducing water use in irrigated rice production through the Madagascar system of rice intensification (SRI). In: Bouman BA et al (eds) Water–wise rice production. Intl. Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp 71–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N, Ball A, Fernandes ECM, Herren H, Husson O, Laing M, Palm CA, Pretty J, Sanchez PA, Sanginga N, Thies JE (eds) (2006) Biological approaches to sustainable soil systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N, Kassam A, Harwood R (2011) SRI as a methodology for raising crop and water productivity: productive adaptations in rice agronomy and irrigation water management. Paddy Water Environ 9:3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Uphoff N, Chi F, Dazzo FB, Rodriguez RJ (2013) Soil fertility as a contingent rather than inherent characteristic: considering the contributions of crop–symbiotic soil biota. In: Lal R, Stewart B (eds) Principles of sustainable soil management in agroecosystems. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 141–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Cao W, Jiang D, Tai D, Zhu Y (2003) Effects of SRI technique on physiological characteristics and population development in rice. Chin J Rice Sci 17:31–36, in Chinese with English abstract

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu S (2007) The contrastive experiments under system for rice intensification. Inn Mong Agric Sci Technol 33:41–42, in Chinese with English abstract

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Ma B (2015) Integrated nutrient management (INM) for sustaining crop productivity and reducing environmental impact: a review. Sci Total Environ 512:415–427

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Nie L, Liao Y, Shah F, Cui K, Wang Q, Huang J (2013) Towards yield improvement of early season rice: other options under double rice–cropping system in central China. Eur J Agron 45:75–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Huang J, Shah F, Uphoff N (2015). Evaluation of system of rice intensification methods applied in the double rice–cropping system in central China. Adv. Agron. 132. doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2015.01.002

  • Xiong H, Ran M, Xu F, Hong S (2000) Achievements and developments of ratooning rice in south of China. Acta Agron Sin 26:297–304, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Ma J, Wang H, Liu H, Huang Q, Ma W, Ming D (2003) The characteristics of roots and their relation to the formation of grain yield under the cultivation by system of rice intensification (SRI). Hybrid Rice 18:61–65, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Ma J, Wang H, Liu H, Huang Q, Ma W, Ming D (2005) Rice quality under the cultivation of SRI. Acta Agron Sin 31:577–582, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Li XY, Li H (2006) Socio–economic impact analysis of SRI in China. China Rural Econ. March, in Chinese; English version available at: http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/countries/china/cnciadeng.pdf

  • Xu X, Liu Y, Shi Y, Laura P (2013) Discourse analysis of the plight of the extension of the new style modern agricultural technology—Take the extension of the system of rice intensification (SRI) in Y village, Sichuan province as an example. J China Agric Univ 1:1–8, in Chinese with English abstract

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan X, Akiyama H, Yagi K, Akimoto H (2009) Global estimations of the inventory and mitigation potential of methane emissions from rice cultivation conducted using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines. Global Biogeochem Cycles 23, GB2002. doi:10.1029/2008GB003299

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan G, Zheng X, Cui F, Yao Z, Zhou Z, Deng J, Xu Y (2013) Two–year simultaneous records of N2O and NO flues from a farmed cropland in the northern China plain with a reduced nitrogen addition rate by one–third. Agric Ecosyst Environ 178:39–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao F, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L, Xiang J, Liu X, Wu W, Chen M, Peng S (2012) Agronomic performance of high-yielding rice variety grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Field Crops Res 126:16–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan LP (2001) The system of rice intensification. Hybrid Rice 16:1–3, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan LP (2002) A scientist’s perspective on experiences with SRI in China for raising yields of super–hybrid rice. In: Uphoff N, Fernandes ECM, Yuan LP, Peng JM, Rafaralahy R, Rabandrasana J (eds) Assessments of the system of rice intensification (SRI): proceedings of an international conference, Sanya, China, April 1–4, 2002. CIIFAD, Ithaca, http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/proc1/sri_06.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang WJ, Lu M (2010) Innovative rice–wheat cropping system for higher yield with lower emissions in China, based on concepts of SRI. Report for Institute of Crop Science, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing. (http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/countries/china/ChinaSWRI_Zhang2010.pdf)

  • Zhang F, Cui Z, Chen X, Ju X, Shen J, Chen Q, Liu X, Zhang W, Mi G, Fan M, Jiang R (2012) Integrated nutrient management for food security and environmental quality in China. Adv Agric 116:1–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Wu L, Li Y, Lu X, Zhu D, Uphoff N (2009a) Influence of the System of Rice Intensification on rice yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency with different N application rates. Exp Agric 45:275–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Wu L, Li Y, Wu M (2009b) Effects of the system of rice intensification on soil biological properties. Acta Pedologica Sin 46:321–325, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Wu L, Li Y, Animesh S, Zhu D, Uphoff N (2010) Comparisons of yield, water use efficiency, and soil microbial biomass as affected by the System of Rice Intensification. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 41:1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao L, Wu L, Wu M, Li Y (2011) Nutrient uptake and water use efficiency as affected by modified rice cultivation methods with reduced irrigation. Paddy Water Environ 9:25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng JG, Lu XJ, Jiang XL, Li CD (2004) Testing modifications for the system of rice intensification (SRI) to achieve super–high yield in the Sichuan basin. Southwest China J Agric Sci 17:169–173, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng JG, Chi Z, Li X, Jiang X (2013) Agricultural water savings possible through SRI for water management in Sichuan, China. Taiwan Water Conserv 61:50–62, in English with Chinese abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DF (2004) Development of system of rice intensification for rice production in China. Presentation at World Rice Research Congress, Tsukuba, Japan, Nov. 7. (http://www.slideshare.net/SRI.CORNELL/0429–development–of–system–of–rice–intensification–for–rice–production–in–china)

  • Zhu DF (ed) (2006) The theory and practice of SRI. Chinese Press of Science and Technology for Agriculture, Beijing, in Chinese

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu H, Chen H (2006) Research of ratooning rice and its prospects in Fujian province. Subtrop Agric Res 2:170–175, in Chinese with English abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu DF, Cheng SH, Zhang YP, Lin XQ (2002) Tillering patterns and the contribution of tillers to grain yield with hybrid rice and wide spacing. In: Uphoff N, Fernandes ECM, Yuan LP, Peng JM, Rafaralahy R, Rabenandrasana J (eds) Assessments of the system of rice intensification (SRI): proceedings of an international conference, Sanya, China, April 1–4, 2002. CIIFAD, Ithaca, pp 125–131, http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/proc1/sri_28.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Xiong H, Xu F, Guo X, Zhang L (2011) Research on system of rice intensification (SRI) technology in China. Agric Sci Technol 12:1818–1825

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This is the joint contribution between Northwest A&F University and Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada. AAFC–ECORC contribution No. 15–020. We thank Shan Huang for providing valuable suggestions on data analysis.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

ᅟ

Funding

This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31401348).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China

    Wei Wu

  2. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada

    Wei Wu & Baoluo Ma

  3. SRI International Network and Resources Center (SRI–Rice), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Norman Uphoff

Authors
  1. Wei Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Baoluo Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Norman Uphoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei Wu.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Martin Weih.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, W., Ma, B. & Uphoff, N. A review of the system of rice intensification in China. Plant Soil 393, 361–381 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2440-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2440-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation